Goldschmidt House
The Goldschmidt-Haus is a 1538 -built and as a monument be instructed town house in the old town of Warburg (Nordrhein-Westfalen). It is located at Joseph-Kohlschein-Straße 28 on the corner of the street at the lower castle, near the former synagogue of the Jewish community in Warburg . Due to the religious affiliation of its former residents, it was still referred to as the " Jewish House " in the post-war period .
architecture
The three-storey house has a length of 18.40 m and a width of approximately 8.70 m. It is built from oak beams in half-timbered construction, the compartments are plastered and painted white. The stands go from the ground floor to the first floor. The second floor and the attic protrude. The lintel bar above the ogival entrance gate bears the Latin inscription “completú expensis honesti Johannis Asshoeer Anno M.cccc.xxxviii. iiiixx maii ".
The house originally contained an 18 m long, 4.5 m wide and approx. 6 m high, drivable longitudinal wall, which widened into two low light niches on the right and thus offered a large commercial area. Two small sleeping chambers were arranged above the two lights, which were accessed via a steep staircase through two low, ogival doors. Above the Deele, a large storage floor with a total area of 8 m × 18 m, protruding towards the street and the alley via curved knags, was built. The attic above provided additional storage space, in which a winch was attached between two ridge columns, with which the goods could be transported upwards from the Deele. To the left of the gabled house, a three-storey hall storage building was built directly onto a high basement plinth made of rubble stones. The half-barrel vaulted cellar was accessed from the deel of the main house via a cellar exit. Access to the first storey was also from the Deele via a wooden gallery that was attached to the half-timbered posts and whose tap holes are still there.
history
1538–1722: The Asshoeer family
According to the building inscription mentioned above, the house was " completed at the expense of the honorable Johannis Asshoeer in 1538, May 16 ". The client's name is still used in Warburg as the family name " Ashauer ". It can be translated as "butcher" or "ham cutter" and thus designates a special form of butcher who was generally called butcher in the Middle Ages. With the adjective “honesti” the client had to expressly expressly refer to his honesty, i.e. H. the possession of civil rights, because many of the professions related to the butchery, such as the knackers, were considered dishonorable in the Middle Ages. It can be assumed that the builder also personally practiced the butcher's profession - in addition to the usual small-scale agriculture geared towards his own needs - and arranged the space in the house for this purpose. This is also supported by the location of the house near the Old Town Hall , in the basement of which the meat banks were located, and the very simple, somewhat rough construction of the half-timbered construction.
The last owners of the house from the client's family were Elisabeth and Röttgert Asshöer in 1722 , along with Ricus Vondey .
1722–1892: Salomon Leikes and the Berg family
It is uncertain when exactly Jewish families started living in the house. Ron Chernow , the author of the history of the banking family " The Warburgs ", states under the picture of the house at Joseph-Kohlschein-Strasse 28 that the ancestors of the family lived in the house " from the middle of the 16th century to around 1670 ". He names Samuel († 1595), his son Jakob Simon († 1636), his son Juspa-Joseph († 1678) and his son Jacob Samuel Warburg , who went to Altona in 1647 and died there in 1668. Jakob Simon presided over the Jewish community in the diocese of Paderborn and housed the synagogue in his own house. However, it is unlikely that the synagogue was located at Joseph-Kohlschein-Straße 28. Assuming that the location of the synagogue has remained the same, the Warburg family's house must have been on the corner plot of today's Joseph-Kohlschein-Straße 26 / An der Burg 4 around 1600. Because there the still existing synagogue building with separate entrance at An der Burg 4 was built in 1714, in front of it an eaves-standing two-storey half-timbered house on what was then Oberestrasse, which probably served the rabbi as a residence in the later 18th and 19th centuries and had house number 26. Both houses are recorded in the original cadastre 1831. Therefore, the ancestral home of the Warburg banking family can be seen in a previous building that has disappeared.
On January 25, 1722, Elisabeth and Röttgert Asshöer pledged a share of the house to the Jewish merchant Salomon Leikes (= Lukas). It is conceivable that this person or his family had already used the house for a much longer period of time and thus bought themselves free from rent payments. Salomon Leikes, who according to Forum cadastre of the old town from 1755 dealt with “ allerley wares ”, took over the second part of the house in 1749. The total for both parts of the house was 6000 Reichsthaler. Even though the Jews were still forbidden to acquire real estate at that time, it can be assumed that with the payment of this high sum he had acquired full power of disposal over the house for practically life. In 1759 Salomon Leikes had a son and named him Herz Lucas . During this time, the house was converted, in which a false ceiling was installed in the Deele. In addition, chimneys were installed to enable better heating and use. From this period of renovation, three chamber doors only 1.80 m high with the cladding profiles typical of the time and wrought-iron rococo fittings have been preserved. In the 1787 arson register, the dimensions of the house were given as 48 feet by 20 feet.
Herz Lucas took over the house from his father around 1800. He was married to Reichel Elkan from Warburg. The couple had four children between 1801 and 1810: Pesgen, Hannchen, Salomon and Lucas . After the establishment of the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 and the associated Jewish emancipation , Herz Lucas received full ownership rights to the house and then chose the surname Berg for his family .
Salomon Berg inherited the house, continued the merchandise trade and married Sarah Levy , with whom he had four children between 1836 and 1840: Lucas, Lina, Moritz and Josef . After fire damage, to which the gable and the hall storeroom fell victim, he had the hall annex on Joseph-Kohlschein-Strasse demolished in the middle of the 19th century and replaced with a new, three-story half-timbered house with its own entrance, but the upper floors of the old building from were tapped, replace. The gable was renewed in a slightly recessed, simple form. The rear part of the house, which had been damaged by the rush of water from the castle hill and had sunk considerably, was newly founded and rebuilt in half-timbered houses. Finally, the front door and window were renewed in the style of Prussian classicism . After Sarah Levy's death, Salomon Berg married Sophie Wittgenstein, who was probably 17 years his junior from Korbach . He had nine children with her between 1851 and 1868, three of whom died early: Max, Fanny, Albert Sally, Selma, Juliette, Meinhard, Hermann, Simon and Moses . In 1861, Salomon Berg was still living in the house with his family, a maid and an assistant. He died in 1891, his wife followed him in 1892. His sons Lucas, Josef and Max founded successful textile shops in Warburg Neustadt. Albert Sally began an apprenticeship in Brussels in 1873 and later became co-founder and director of the Hirsch fashion department store in Amsterdam .
1892–1942: The Goldschmidt family
In 1867, the Jewish merchant Hesse (= Hesekiel ) Goldschmidt , who had moved from Hessen, founded a modest business with regional products in Warburg with his brother Jacob . Apparently he was a descendant of the former head of the Hessian state Jewry , Benedikt Goldschmidt , who had moved from Frankfurt via Witzenhausen to Kassel around 1602. As court factor and banker of the Hessian landgraves, he had a decree from Landgrave Wilhelm V in 1635 to expel everyone in Kassel immediately living Jews with the exception of his own family and thus laid the foundation for the strong position of his family in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel .
When the trading business of the Warburg Goldschmidt brothers fell into the red, Jacob moved to Marburg , while Hesse continued to trade in cattle, skins, bristles, hair, flax, linen, metals and cigars to the "slightest extent". He married and had several children, including Julie , born on May 16, 1869, and Susanne , born on June 18, 1878. To accommodate his business and his family, he acquired the large house from the Berg community of heirs and specialized in trading in antiques , especially with cabinets, chests, tables and lights from the German Renaissance. According to Emil Herz , his love for the pieces was so great that he only sold them when financial hardship forced him to do so.
After Hesse Goldschmidt's death before 1909, his widow Sophie inherited the property and lived with her children in the corner house. Ms. Goldschmidt , who was listed as the owner in the BKD Westphalia in 1939, and Arthur Goldschmidt , possibly other children of Hesse Goldschmidt , were also connected to the house . The house was spared the November pogroms against the Jews on November 9, 1938. Arthur Goldschmidt left Warburg on July 12, 1940 with the goal of Mülheim / Ruhr. Julie and Susanne Goldschmidt were, despite their advanced age on July 28, 1942 together in the Theresienstadt concentration camp deported . After the 11th ordinance on the Reich Citizenship Act of November 25, 1941 , the house fell to the German Reich. Susanne Goldschmidt was murdered on September 10, 1942, Julie Goldschmidt on February 5, 1943 in Theresienstadt.
The house since 1942
After the end of the Second World War and with the takeover of government by the Allies, the house was acquired by the city of Warburg after it was returned to a Jewish trust company. They had it converted into a tenement house in 1956 and privatized in 1979. Then u lived there. a. the architect Edgar Schlubach , the businessman Henning von Bonin , the cellist Claudia Schwarze and the organ builder Bernd Simon .
literature
- Günther Binding , Udo Mainzer , Anita Wiedenau: Small art history of the German half-timbered building. 2nd expanded and changed edition. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1977, ISBN 3-534-06900-5 , Fig. 105 (with wrong house number and wrong date).
- Ron Chernow : The Warburgs. The Twentieth-Century Odyssey of a remarkable Jewish Family. Random House, New York NY 1993, ISBN 0-679-41823-7 .
- Wilhelm Hansen , Kreft Herbert: half-timbered in the Weser area. Niemeyer, Hameln 1980, ISBN 3-87585-048-3 ( architecture in Weser area 3).
- Hermann Hermes: Deportation destination Riga. Fate of Warburg Jews. Hermes, Warburg 1982, ISBN 3-922032-03-6 .
- Emil Herz : I think of Germany at night. The history of the house of Steg. Verlag des Druckhaus Tempelhof, Berlin 1951.
- Fred Kaspar : Half-timbered buildings in Westphalia before 1600. Coppenrath, Münster 1978, ISBN 3-920192-69-9 ( contributions to popular culture in north-west Germany 14). ( Full text as PDF )
- Elmar Nolte: On the secular building of the medieval city of Warburg. In: Franz Mürmann (ed.): The city of Warburg. 1036-1986. Contributions to the history of a city. Volume 2. Hermes, Warburg 1986, ISBN 3-922032-07-9 , p. 165.
- Nikolaus Rodenkirchen: Warburg district. With a historical introduction by Gerhard Pfeiffer. Aschendorff, Münster 1939 ( architectural and art monuments of Westphalia 44).
Other sources
- Forum cadastre of the old town of Warburg from 1755 under No. A21, Warburg City Archives
- Fire cadastre of the city of Warburg from 1787, Warburg City Archives
- Directory of Jewish houses 1804, C 8672, Warburg City Archives
- Building application with plans and building description dated August 31, 1955, Detmold State Archives.
- Elmar Nolte: On the history of the house at Joseph-Kohlschein-Straße 28 and its residents , Erfurt 2006 (unpublished manuscript)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Monument topography of the Federal Republic of Germany, City of Warburg, Imhof-Verlag, Petersberg 2015, p. 168
- ↑ Monument topography of the Federal Republic of Germany, City of Warburg, Imhof-Verlag, Petersberg 2015, p. 113
Coordinates: 51 ° 29 ′ 7.7 ″ N , 9 ° 8 ′ 45.3 ″ E