Gyula Andrássy the Younger

Gyula ( Julius ) Count Andrássy von Csík-Szent-Király and Kraszna-Horka the Younger [ ˈɟulɒ ˈɒndraːʃi ] (born June 30, 1860 in Tőketerebes ; † June 11, 1929 in Budapest ) was a leading politician in the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy .

Gyula Andrássy the Younger

Life

Andrássy

Andrássy Castle in Tiszadob

Andrássy came from an old Hungarian magnate family and was the second son of the Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy (the elder).

family

Gyula Andrássy grew up on Vienna's Ballhausplatz , where his father resided as Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary. He did not attend public schools, but received private tuition. He later studied law at the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin .

Gyula Andrássy married Countess Eleonora Zichy (* 1867, † 1945) in 1909. She was the widow of his older brother Theodor (ung. Tivadar) Andrássy (* 1857, † 1905). Eleonora brought four girls Ilona (* 1886, † 1967), Barbara (* 1890, † 1968), Katinka (* 1892, † 1985) and Klára (* 1898, † 1941) from the connection with Tivadar Andrássy into the marriage, whose Gyula became guardian and foster father. He himself had no offspring of his own.

Political activity

In 1885 he was elected to the Budapest parliament , in the Wekerle government he was Undersecretary of State (1892) and Minister of Education (1893). From 1894, Andrássy officiated as Minister a latere or Hungarian Minister at the royal court camp , who had to ensure the permanent connection between the Viennese court and the ministries in Budapest. He was Hungarian Interior Minister (1906-1910), again under Prime Minister Wekerle, then leader of the opposition in the Budapest Parliament, and briefly, the last Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs (October 24 to November 1 1918 by the monarch dismissed on Nov. 2, 1918). In the period before 1914, Hungarian domestic politics was seen as the playing field for only four aristocratic politicians: Mihály Károlyi , István Tisza , Albert Apponyi and Andrássy.

Andrássy, as the last Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, declared the alliance with Germany to be over in the Andrássy Note and on October 28, 1918 unsuccessfully offered the Entente a separate peace. This wanted nothing more to do with the powerless government of the monarch and recognized the representatives of the individual peoples of Austria-Hungary as their legitimate representatives.

In 1921 Andrássy was leader of the Christian Democratic Party when he supported Emperor Charles (King IV Károly's) attempt at restoration and was therefore in custody for seven weeks. In 1926 he finally resigned from his parliamentary seat.

Politics in the First World War

Andrássy was for the Central European Customs Union. The Neue Freie Presse published on November 7, 1915 expressed his opinion to that effect on the deepening of the alliance with Germany . A defense, customs and trade alliance in eastern Central Europe would be the bridge to the south-east for the Central Powers: just as Germany can open a safe route to Asia with us, so too can we achieve our goals in the Balkans only on the basis of Germany . Andrássy later distanced himself from Central Europe in the sense of Naumann ; he had a new, purely defensive, dissolvable political alliance in mind .

Andrássy defended the peace of Bucharest , which gave Hungary land gain, as an example of a moderate policy , but described the German policy in Brest-Litovsk as the realization of the greatest imperialist concept that the German spirit had so far devised . Brest-Litovsk, not the Bucharest peace, as an example of a moderate policy , was decisive for the world situation. The effect would supposedly have remained exactly the same if we had not taken the barely populated Romanian border area . The areas on the Carpathian Passes should be the last territorial acquisitions of the monarchy.

On the eve of the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, Andrássy blatantly announced the monarchy's intentions to conquer in the Neue Freie Presse:

“It would be a big mistake ... an impossibility if we were to commit to the status quo that existed before the war. This would not even have a peace-keeping effect, because the horrors of the world war broke out against the status quo or precisely because of the status quo ... For example, it is clear that Serbia cannot be restored to its old extent after the war . Our decision not to conquer anything, to want to raise it to such a level of principle that would possibly mean a condemnation of the demands of our allies with whom we identify, would be neither a sincere nor an expedient policy. "

Andrássy was in favor of trialism with Poland , the inclusion of the whole of Poland in the Habsburg Monarchy , because with this solution bureaucratic, centralized Austria would disappear for good and the Polish, also national state, would step alongside the nationally based Hungary as a natural ally . Since each part of the monarchy would then have about 20 million inhabitants, a tripartite division of influence would result automatically , which could not be prevented by any artificial artificiality . In foreign policy, however, the Hungarian parliament should be given a veto right. Andrássy was in favor of trialism because he feared the direct annexation of Poland to Austria would lead to the preponderance of a closed Austro-Polish bloc, which might also become economically strong in the future. At the beginning of October 1915 Andrássy tried to work in a trialist sense in Berlin , whereupon Prime Minister Tisza emphasized that dualism was a noli me tangere . In early 1916 there were even plans to overthrow Tisza and replace it with Andrássy in order to enforce trialism.

The right wing of the opposition, the Andrassy party, mostly agreed with the Tisza's government and its Labor Party on foreign policy efforts. Only in domestic politics did all opposition parties want moderate reforms in order to reduce internal tensions, which Tisza intended to suppress by force without wanting to change the hegemony over the other nationalities . According to the Hungarian electoral law, only 7.7% of the total population were eligible to vote in 1913, a pseudo-reform shortly before the end of the war provided a total of 13% to be eligible to vote.

Fonts

• Diplomacy and World War. Berlin / Vienna 1920.
• Hungary's settlement with Austria in 1867. Leipzig 1897.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Katinka became the wife of the Hungarian politician Mihály Károlyi (* 1875, † 1955)
2. ^ Andrássy Julius (the Younger) Count. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 1, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1957, p. 21.
3. ↑ daily newspaper Wiener Zeitung , no. 260, November 10, 1918 S. 1, Official Section
4. ^ Paul Lendvai : The Hungarians. A thousand years of victory in defeat . Hurst Publisher, London 2003, ISBN 1-85065-673-8 , p. 361.
5. ^ Elisabeth Petru: Patriotism and war image of the German-speaking population of Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 . Unprinted diploma thesis, Vienna 1988, p. 92.
6. ^ Count Julius Andrássy: Diplomacy and World War . Berlin / Vienna 1920, p. 171.
7. ^ Count Julius Andrássy: Diplomacy and World War . Berlin / Vienna 1920, pp. 198 and 201.
8. ^ Elisabeth Petru: Patriotism and war image of the German-speaking population of Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 . Unprinted Diplomarb, Vienna 1988, p. 96f.
9. ^ Count Julius Andrássy: Diplomacy and World War . Berlin / Vienna 1920, p. 163.
10. ^ Count Julius Andrássy: Diplomacy and World War . Berlin / Vienna 1920, pp. 162f.
11. ^ Heinz Lemke: Alliance and rivalry. The Central Powers and Poland in the First World War . Verlag Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Graz 1977, ISBN 3-205-00527-9 , pp. 231 and 239.
12. ↑ Wolfdieter Bihl : The way to collapse. Austria-Hungary under Charles I (IV.) . In: Erika Weinzierl , Kurt Skalnik (Ed.): Austria 1918-1938: History of the First Republic . Verlag Styria, Graz / Vienna / Cologne 1983, ISBN 3-222-11456-0 , Volume 1, pp. 27–54, here p. 44.

literature

• Friedrich Gottas: Andrássy, Gyula d. J. Graf . In: Biographical Lexicon on the History of Southeast Europe . Volume 1. Munich 1974, p. 67 f.
• Miklós Szalai : Ifjabb Andrássy Gyula élete és pályája (Life and career of Gyula Andrássy the Younger). MTA Történettudományi Intézete, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-8312-89-0 (Hungarian).

Web links

Commons : Gyula Andrássy the Younger  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Entry on Gyula Andrássy the Younger in the Austria Forum  (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
• Biography at Austrian commander (English)
• Works by and about Gyula Andrássy the Younger  in the German Digital Library
• Newspaper article about Gyula Andrássy the Younger in the 20th century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .

predecessor	Office	successor
Stephan Burián from Rajecz	Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Oct. 4, 1918 - Nov. 2, 1918	Ludwig von Flotow