Skin ferns

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Skin ferns
English skin fern (Hymenophyllum tunbrigense)

English skin fern ( Hymenophyllum tunbrigense )

Systematics
Empire : Plants (Plantae)
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Ferns
Class : True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order : Skin fern-like
Family : Skin ferns
Scientific name of the  order
Hymenophyllales
AB Frank
Scientific name of the  family
Hymenophyllaceae
Mart.

The skin fern plants or veil ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) are the only family of the plant order of skin fern-like (Hymenophyllales) within the leptosporangiate ferns . The approximately 600 species are distributed almost worldwide.

features

Illustration from Fernkräuter in Colored Illustrations Faithfully Explained and Described , 1840 by Trichomanes membranaceum
Crepidomanes minutum
Hymenophyllum cruentum and Hymenophyllum caudiculatum on the island of Chiloe
Hymenophyllum dentatum
Hymenophyllum recurvum
Trichomanes reniforme
Trichomanes vittaria

They are perennial herbaceous plants . The rhizomes are tender, creeping or partially upright, and have a protostele . The leaves are curled up when young. The skin ferns got their name because their leaf blades, apart from the veins, are only one layer of cells thick. There are therefore no stomata , but the cuticle is usually not formed either.

Another typical feature is the position of the sporangia . These are always on the edge of the leaf (marginal), and not, as with most other ferns, on the underside or upper side of the leaf. The spores are green.

The prothallia in the skin ferns are always ribbon-shaped and single-layered, in many species they are even branched thread-like structures that are reminiscent of the protonema of mosses . Here, too, the skin ferns differ from the other ferns.

The basic chromosome number can be x = 11, 12, 18, 28, 32, 33, 34 or 36.

Locations

Skin ferns are found mainly in tropical rainforests. They grow terrestrially and epiphytically . In Central Europe there are only two species that grow as great rarities in areas with relatively high levels of precipitation in humid locations. The gametophytic prothallia of the magnificent thin fern ( Trichomanes speciosum ) grow in deep, moist crevices of acidic, silicate rocks with very little light. It has been proven, for example, for the Southern Mountains and the Eifel. Sites in southern Lower Saxony represent the current northeastern occurrence of the gametophyte of Trichomanes speciosum in Europe.

Systematics and distribution

The Hymenophyllaceae family was established in 1835 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis Secundum Characteres Morphologicas ... , 3. The type genus is Hymenophyllum Sm.

The Hymenophyllaceae family is monophyletic . It splits into two larger clades, the trichomanoids and hymenophylloids , which roughly correspond to the two largest genera.

Smith et al. (2006) summarize all genera of the hymenophylloid clade to form the genus Hymenophyllum , since the classical genera are located in family trees within the genus or are even not monophyletic. Trichomanes s. l. consists of eight monophyletic genera.

The species of the Hymenophyllaceae family thrive from the temperate to the subtropical to the tropical areas of the Old and New World. In China there are seven genera with around 50 species, 6 of them only there. In Northern and Central Europe there are only two species of the Hymenophyllaceae family: English skin fern ( Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Smith ): in Central Europe it only occurs in the British Isles, Alsace , and Luxembourg ( Luxembourg's Little Switzerland ). and Magnificent thin fern ( Trichomanes speciosum Willd. ): it is actually a species that is more widespread in the Atlantic and only occurs in Germany as a relatively inconspicuous algae-like gametophyte . There are no species of the Hymenophyllaceae in Austria.

There are about nine genera with about 600 species in the Hymenophyllaceae family:

  • Abrodictyum C.Presl (Syn .: Macroglena . (C.Presl) Copel , Selenodesmium . (Prantl) Copel , Trichomanes . Subg Macroglena C.Presl , Trichomanes sect. Selenodesmium Prantl ): The ten species thrive in the subtropics and tropics of Asia to Oceania . There are three types in China.
  • Callistopteris Copel. : The approximately five species occur from Malesia to the western Pacific region. There are localities for Malaysia , Sumatra , Polynesia and Australia . In China there is a kind.
  • Cephalomanes C. Presl : The ten or so species come from India to Malesia to Polynesia. In China there is a kind.
  • Crepidomanes (C.Presl) C.Presl (Syn .: Crepidophyllum C.F.Reed non Herzog , Crepidopteris Copel. , Gonocormus Bosch , Nesopteris Copel. , Reediella Pichi Sermolli ): The 30 species thrive in the tropics of the Old World and in the subtropics from Africa to Japan and Polynesia. There are about eleven species in China.
  • Didymoglossum Desv. : The 19or sospecies are distributed in the Neotropics and from Africa to Sri Lanka . There are about five types in China.
  • Skin ferns ( Hymenophyllum Sm. , Syn .: Mecodium C.Presl ex Copel. , Meringium C.Presl , Microtrichomanes (Mettenius) Copel. , Pleuromanes C.Presl , Trichomanes sect. Microtrichomanes Mettenius ): The 130 to 250 species thrive on the temperate ones over the subtropical to the tropical areas almost worldwide. There are about 22 species in China, four of which are only there.
  • Polyphlebium Copel. : There have been two types since 2006:
  • Thin ferns ( Trichomanes L. ), with at least 118 species.
  • Vandenboschia Copel. : The approximately 35 species thrive from the subtropics to the tropics almost worldwide. There are about seven species in China, two of which are only there.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karsten Horn: Gametophytes of the skin fern Trichomanes speciosum Willd. (Hymenophyllaceae, Pteridophyta) in southern Lower Saxony and neighboring parts of Hesse and Thuringia. In: Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften. Volume 5, No. 3, 1998, pp. 705-728.
  2. ↑ a b c Y. Krippel: The Hymenophyllaceae (Pteridophyta) in Luxembourg: past, present and future ( Sandstone, Landscapes in Europe: Past, Present and Future: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Sandstone Landscapes, Vianden (Luxembourg) 25– May 28, 2005. ) In: Ferrantia. Volume 44, 2005, pp. 209–214, (PDF file; approx. 13 MB).
  3. ↑ a b JA Massard: A sensational fern find in “Luxembourg's Little Switzerland”. In: Annuaire de la Ville d'Echternach. Vol. 1995, 1996, pp. 218-221, (PDF file, approx. 9.5 MB) .
  4. ↑ Hymenophyllaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 21, 2019.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Liu Jiaxi, Zhang Qiaoyan, Atsushi Ebihara, Kunio Iwatsuki: Hymenophyllaceae , pp. 93-109 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .
  6. ↑ a b c M. Christenhusz & E. von Raab-Straube (2013): Lycopodiophytina. : Data sheet Hymenophyllaceae In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  7. ↑ a b Atsushi Ebihara, J.-Y. Dubuisson, Kunio Iwatsuki, S. Hennequin, M. Ito: A taxonomic revision of Hymenophyllaceae. In: Blumea , Volume 51, 2006, Issue 2, pp. 221-280.
  8. ^ A b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

Web links

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