Heinrich Braun (educational reformer)
Heinrich Braun (born March 17, 1732 in Trostberg an der Alz; † November 8, 1792 in Munich ) was an education and school reformer during the Enlightenment in the Electorate of Bavaria .
The enlightener is considered the “spiritual father of the public elementary school in Bavaria ”, his textbooks form a “milestone in the development of the written German language in Bavaria” ( New German Biography ).
Life
Braun entered the Tegernsee Monastery as a Benedictine and was brought to the Academy in 1764 by Peter von Osterwald , director of the Philosophical Class of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , as a teacher of German language, poetry and rhetoric. A year later he was appointed to the Academy as a full member of the Philosophical Class. As such, Braun, a canon at the Munich Liebfrauenstift since 1767 and a member of the Spiritual Council since 1768, wrote introductory works on the use of the German language and a German dictionary.
With these writings, Braun had special significance in the late Baroque language dispute. With his work Instructions for the Art of German Language in particular , he wanted to combat the "language spoilage" in order to "set up our old Baier mother tongue according to the rules of a proper language art, and at least to introduce uniformity with most of the other German provinces in writing and printing". He thus represented a much more moderate position than before, say, the scribes of Parnassus Boicus , or even Johann Balthasar Antesperg , who came from the Passau monastery and worked at the imperial court in Vienna , who with his Kayserliche Grammatick the old Upper German writing language against the proponents of the new Saxon Wanted to defend standard German according to Johann Christoph Gottsched .
In 1768 he presented his ideas for the reorganization of the Bavarian school system in a speech to the academy. In 1770 Braun was appointed state commissioner for elementary schools and wrote the general school mandate, which included the reform of elementary schools and the introduction of secondary schools as a place for non-academic civil professions reasoned. In 1771 he decreed compulsory schooling , which, like his far-reaching ideas on school reform, was practically impossible to implement due to a lack of money and teachers. The opportunity to reorganize the higher education system after the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 failed because of the financial situation of the electorate, so that the “ex- Jesuits ” continued to teach in their lyceums.
Nevertheless, Heinrich Braun, director of all lyceums and grammar schools, city and country schools since 1777, is regarded as a decisive personality in the Bavarian Enlightenment , who implemented the new humanist educational idea in Bavaria.
Works
- Instructions for the art of German language, on the use of schools in the Churlanden zu Baiern. With permission from the Churbaier Academy of Sciences . Munich: printed by J. Fried. Ott and available from Franz Lorenz Richter, 1765
- German-orthographic dictionary, together with a list of how to give the foreign words, which occur most frequently, in good German ; Munich: Akad. Bücherverlag, 1767
- Concerns and investigation of the question: whether one should relieve the religious of the parish and pastoral care or not; Opposed to the project of a secular clergyman of the Regenspurgerdiöces ; Augsburg, Freyburg, 1768
- Defense of the Churbaier amortization law, the Veremund Guflische defense of the monastic rights in temporal matters opposed by a scholar of God ; Munich: by Joseph Aloys Crätz, 1768
- Heinrich Braun's introduction to the gods of the ancient Greeks and Romans; for the use of schools ; Augsburg: Lotter, 1776
- Draft for the establishment of the electoral academic high school in Ingolstadt ; Munich: JA von Crätz, 1777
- Draft of a systematic type of teaching in Catholic theology for theological studies in Baiern ; Munich: YES v. Crätz, 1777
- The beginnings of the Latin language, for the use of the preparatory classes in the electoral high schools ; Munich: Joh. Geo. Ruprecht, 1778
- German orthographic-grammatical dictionary, with an index of foreign words and idioms which occur most frequently in common life and which should preferably be given in German; on the highest order of the elector for the use of the German schools; now according to HJ Ch. Adelung's large dictionaries, and other good language teachers increased by half, thoroughly improved, and with some critical and etymological notes ; Munich: Jos. Lentner, 1793
literature
- Christian Keck: The educational and acculturation program of the Bavarian enlightener Heinrich Braun. An analysis of the history of reception as a contribution to the cultural history of the Catholic Enlightenment in Old Bavaria. With a work edition on CD-ROM. Voegel, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-89650-054-6 . (= Writings of the Philosophical Faculties of the University of Augsburg, 58.)
- Karl-Friedrich Kemper: Heinrich Braun. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 32, Bautz, Nordhausen 2011, ISBN 978-3-88309-615-5 , Sp. 142–157.
- August von Kluckhohn: Braun, Heinrich . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 265 f.
- Michael Rettinger: Heinrich Braun and the “plan for the new school facility in Baiern” from 1770. A contribution to the educational policy of enlightened absolutism. Peters, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-9802433-2-X .
- Wolf Strobl: Braun, Heinrich. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 2, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1955, ISBN 3-428-00183-4 , p. 551 ( digitized version ).
- Heinrich Braun . In: Clemens Alois Baader: The learned Baiern, or, lexicon of all writers who produced or nourished Bavaria in the eighteenth century , Volume 1. Nuremberg and Sulzbach 1804. P. 131 f.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Braun, Heinrich: Instructions for the German Art of Language ( Memento from February 22, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
Web links
- Literature by and about Heinrich Braun in the catalog of the German National Library
- Works by and about Heinrich Braun in the German Digital Library
- Heinrich Braun: Academic speech on the art of thinking as the basis of true eloquence, 1765 (PDF; 119 kB)
- Heinrich Braun: Draft of the facility of the electoral academic high school in Ingolstadt, 1777 (PDF; 207 kB)
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Braun, Heinrich |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Educational and school reformer, theologian |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 17, 1732 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Trostberg |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 8, 1792 |
| Place of death | Munich |