Heinrich von Veldeke

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Heinrich von Veldeke (* before 1150 ; † between 1190 and 1200 ; Middle High German : Heinrich von Veldig , Limburgish : Heinric van Veldeke , Dutch : Hendrik van Veldeke ) is known in Germany mostly as a Dutch - German poet of the 12th century and came from a noble family that had their seat near Maastricht . In his native Limburg , Veldeke is especially venerated as an old Limburg poet.

Life

Mr. Heinrich von Veldeke ( Codex Manesse , around 1300)

Heinrich von Veldeke was probably born around 1140/50; the birth before 1150 is likely, since in 1174 the manuscript of his Eneas novel was two-thirds ready. It emerged from a ministerial family that named itself after the village of Veldeke west of Maastricht in what is now Belgium (Hs C). He may have been trained as a cleric, but then did court service. He was in the service of the Counts of Loon and Rieneck, who also held the burgraviate of Mainz . From a strictly historical point of view, it would be wrong to assign Veldeke to a nationality, since the states concerned did not yet exist at the time. So to call Veldeke a Dutch or German author led to aimless and unproductive debates in the course of the research, which included language analyzes as well as geographical and historical research. These attempts become particularly problematic because the biographical data on the author are extremely few and far between and language analyzes have to go a detour via the dialect of the respective authors of the manuscripts, who pass on Veldeke's work, in order to filter out commonalities that would suggest a possible linguistic identity of an author , but do not have to remain verifiable.

In Mainz he attended the famous Imperial Festival at Pentecost 1184, which Frederick I organized in honor of his sons Heinrich and Friedrich. He mentions as patrons: the countesses Agnes von Loon and Margarete von Kleve as well as the later Landgrave Hermann von Thuringia , at whose court he completed the Eneit.

He probably died shortly before 1190 on the Neuchâtel near Freyburg (Unstrut) .

Hendrik Van Veldeke memorial in Hasselt

There is information about the theft of his two-thirds completed novel manuscript in 1174, which he is said to have received back and completed nine years later in Thuringia. However, there is no positive evidence for this either (Eneit 352, 26ff.), Or from the fact that Wolfram von Eschenbach laments his death in the 8th book of Parzival , i.e. around 1205 (404, 28f.).

Stand and education

No reliable information can be given about Heinrich's class. In recent research he is almost always counted among the ministerial classes or the knightly nobility, but this lacks any historical basis. The only criteria by which one wants to determine this belonging to the nobility are the titles given in literary tradition, such as "master" or "her". But the designation of a vernacular poet as “master” or “her” can also only aim at his level of education and poetic mastery. However, it can be said today with a high degree of probability that Heinrich von Veldeke must have completed a spiritual training, because he was probably able to speak Latin. This can be seen, for example, in the fact that he translated the Servatius legend directly from Latin and remained very faithful to the Latin source. In some passages of his main work, the Eneasromans, it becomes clear that Heinrich must have known the Latin tradition of this material, as in some passages he goes beyond his main French source, the Roman d'Énéas , and in some cases even corrects it. But whether Heinrich obtained this additional knowledge directly from the Latin works or from second or third hand is uncertain. What is certain is that he knew French; His main literary-historical achievement consists in the transfer of epic and lyrical traditions from northern France to the German-speaking area. The proximity of his homeland to the French-speaking area makes it possible that Heinrich's court education was more or less bilingual.

coat of arms

Blazon : "Diagonally divided by gold and red."

language

Heinrich von Veldeke in the Weingartner song manuscript from the first half of the 14th century.

Heinrich von Veldeke is praised by both Dutch and German-language literature as the first great writer in their respective literature. From Servatius legend we have a manuscript from the 15th century in Central Netherlands has been written language, and next to a fragment in Maastricht dialect of the 13th century. One of his minne songs has also been handed down in his presumed native dialect. But Heinrich von Veldeke's importance for Middle High German literature is much greater, which is evident from the fact that almost all Minnelieder, as well as his Eneasroman, came to us exclusively in Middle High German versions. In addition, Heinrich von Veldeke is also mentioned by many German writers from the courtly period (for example Wolfram von Eschenbach , Hartmann von Aue and Gottfried von Straßburg ) as the great example of German poetry.

The fact that the Servatius legend has been handed down in Middle Dutch has led some philologists to assume that the Eneasroman must originally have been written in Limburgish by the author . This led Otto Behaghel (in his edition from 1882) and Theodor Frings and Gabriele Schieb (in their edition from 1964–1970) to reconstruct this original version, which was thought to be lost, from the manuscripts that have come down to us. This company is now considered very controversial in research, mainly because we have no clear information about the dialect in which Heinrich von Veldeke wrote the Eneasroman . There are good arguments for and against the Limburg hypothesis. It should also not be forgotten that Heinrich von Veldeke served mostly German nobles during his life and spent a lot of time in Thuringia. Most modern researchers reject the Limburg reconstruction and instead rely on the critical edition by Ludwig Ettmüller (from 1852), which was republished in 1997 in another edition by Dieter Kartschoke, or they follow the diplomatic edition of the Berlin illustrated manuscript, which Hans Fromm prepared in 1992.

Works

Heinrich von Veldeke emerged as an epic and minstrel. The courtly conception of Minne is characteristic of him; he was one of the first to adopt the forms and motifs of Provencal troubadour poetry .

  • Servatius legend (6000 verses): an adaptation made before 1170 at the suggestion of Countess Agnes von Loon.
  • Eneasroman (13,500 verses), formerly also called Eneide or Eneit : completed 1187/89; with this work he became the founder of the Middle High German courtly novel ; The main source is not Virgil's Aeneid , but the anonymous old French Roman d'Énéas (c. 1160), which in turn is based on Virgil.
  • Poetry: a little more than 30 mostly single-trophic minne songs, e.g. B. "Ez sint guotiu niuwe mâre" (MF 56,1v). The song “Manigem hearted the cold winter suffering” (MFH 259,24) is now considered by Ulrich von Liechtenstein .

expenditure

  • Ludwig Ettmüller , Heinrich von Veldeke. (Seals of the German Middle Ages 8) Leipzig: GJ Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung, 1852.
  • Heinrich von Veldeke, Eneas Dieter Kartschoke (eds.), 2nd edition. Leipzig: Reclam, 1997. (Mhd. Text is based on the edition by Ettmüller) ISBN 3-15-008303-6
  • Heinrich von Veldeke, Eneasroman. Hans Fromm (ed. And transl.). Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1992. ISBN 3-618-66040-5 ; ISBN 3-618-66045-6
  • Henric van Veldeken, Eneide. Gabriele Schieb and Theodor Frings (eds.), 3 volumes. (German texts of the Middle Ages, vols. 58-59, 62) Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1964-70. (Text in Volume 58, Commentary in Volume 59, Glossary in Volume 62)
  • Heinrich von Veldeke, Eneide. With introduction and comments. Otto Behaghel (Ed.), 1882 [Reprint Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1970].
  • The spring of minstrels. Vol. 1: Texts. Ed. V. Hugo Moser and Helmut Tervooren. 38. again rev. Edition Stuttgart 1988 (XI, 1-37 = MF 56,168,6 + Ps.-Veldeke)

Transmission of the works

Eneasroman

From the 12th to 15th centuries, 14 documents relevant to Eneit (manuscripts and fragments) are known. The earliest complete text (around 1220–30) is with the illustrated manuscript SBB-PK, Ms. germ. Fol. 282 before. The full list of manuscript certificates for the Eneas is as follows:

  1. Fragment R (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, cgm 5249.19) is the oldest textual witness for the Eneasroman. It concerns a parchment double sheet from Regensburg (hence R). The fragment dates back to the 12th century, so it was written within ten or twenty years of the completion of the poem. It was written in a distinctly Bavarian dialect.
  2. Fragment Wo (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek , cod. Guelf. 404,9 Novorum fol. (4)) is a single sheet of parchment written around 1200. The dialect is either Upper German-Middle German or East Talemannic based on the Thuringian model.
  3. Manuscript B (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Ms. germ. Fol. 282, Prussian Cultural Heritage), the so-called Berlin Illuminated Manuscript, is the earliest almost complete manuscript. About a tenth of the entire text has been lost due to damage. The manuscript was written in the northern Bavarian region around 1220, with East Franconian and East Talemannic influences. Not only is it the earliest Eneas manuscript, it is also one of the most beautifully illustrated manuscripts with non-Latin content. In its current state it contains 71 pages with mostly two images each. Dorothea and Peter Diemer suspect that 16 pages have been lost.
  4. Fragment Me (Munich, Bayer. Staatsbibliothek, cgm. 5199) consists of 3 parchment sheets from the first third of the 13th century, roughly the same age as the Berlin manuscript. The dialect is East Upper German.
  5. Fragment Ham (private property of Mr. Christopher de Hamel, London) are 6 small snippets of 3 parchment leaves from the second quarter of the 13th century. The dialect, insofar as it can be determined from the very poor text, is almost certainly Alemannic.
  6. Fragment P, or the so-called Pfeiffer fragments (Krakau, Biblioteka Jagiellonska; formerly Ms. Germ. 4 ° 1303.3) were written after 1250, in an East Upper German dialect with Central German influences. They consist of 6 sheets of parchment.
  7. Fragment Wa (Marburg / Lahn, State Archives, inventory 147, folder A) are the remains of a cut parchment sheet from Waldeck. They contain about 10 lines of text. They were found in Marburg after the Second World War. The manuscript must have been written in a Central German dialect towards the end of the 13th century.
  8. Manuscript M. (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cgm. 57) is a parchment manuscript from the beginning of the 14th century. In addition to the Eneas , the manuscript also contains Mai and Beaflor and Ottes Eraclius . The dialect is South Bavarian or Austrian with Central German influences. At the end of the seal there is an order for Rudolf von Stadeck , the client for this manuscript.
  9. Manuscript H (Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek, cpg. 368) is a parchment manuscript from 1333. It was written in Würzburg by two scribes. The writing language is East Franconian with Central German influences.
  10. Manuscript E (Geneva, Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, cod. 83) is a paper manuscript. It used to be owned by the Counts of Degenfeld-Schonburg in Eybach / Württemberg (hence the name E after Eybach). This manuscript dates from the late 14th century, ie 1375–1400. The writing language is West Central German or Central Hessian.
  11. Handwriting h (Heidelberg, University Library, cpg. 403) is also a paper handwriting. It was written in an Alsatian dialect in 1419. This manuscript contains 38 colored pen drawings and is almost completely preserved.
  12. Manuscript w (Vienna, Austrian National Library, cod. 2861) is a paper manuscript written in 1474 in an East Swabian dialect. This manuscript also contains pen drawings. The text in this manuscript is very much shortened.
  13. Manuscript G (Gotha, Landesbibliothek, cod. Chart. A 584), a paper manuscript written in the last quarter of the 15th century. The writing language is Thuringian.
  14. Fragment Gr (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Grimm-Nachlass 132,14) is a 19th century copy of a manuscript that has now been lost. It was previously assumed that Jakob Grimm made this copy, but graphologists have refuted this after comparing the fragment with other copies from his hand. Nothing is known about the dialect.

literature

  • Theodor Frings , Gabriele Schieb: Three Veldeke studies: the Veldeke problem, the envy epilogue, the two Staufer parts . Treatises of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin . Philosophical-historical class. Born 1947 No. 6. Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1949.
  • Hans Fromm : The medieval Eneasromane and the poetics of the ordo narrandi. In: Harald Haferland, Michael Mecklenburg (Hrsg.): Stories in stories. Phenomena of narration in the Middle Ages and early modern times (= research on the history of older German literature. Vol. 19). Fink, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-7705-3151-5 , pp. 27-39.
  • Joachim Hamm, Marie-Sophie Masse : Aeneas novels . In: Geert HM Claassens, Fritz Peter Knapp, Hartmut Kugler (eds.): Germania Litteraria Mediaevalis Francigena. Vol. IV: Historical and religious narratives. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2014, ISBN 3-1102-2975-7 , pp. 79–116.
  • Thomas Klein: Heinrich von Veldeke and the Central German literary languages. Investigations into the Veldeke problem. In: Thomas Klein, Cola Minis : Two studies on Veldecke and the Strassburger Alexander (= Amsterdam publications on language and literature. Vol. 61). Rodopi, Amsterdam 1985, ISBN 90-6203-687-2 , pp. 1-121.
  • Richard Moritz Meyer :  Heinrich von Veldeke . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 39, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1895, pp. 565-571.
  • Gabriele Schieb: Henric van Veldeken. = Heinrich von Veldeke (= Metzler Collection 42, ISSN  0558-3667 ). Metzler, Stuttgart 1965.
  • Gabriele Schieb:  Heinrich von Veldeke. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1969, ISBN 3-428-00189-3 , p. 428 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Renate Schipke: Heinrich von Veldeke: Eneasroman. In: Peter Jörg Becker, Eef Overgaauw (ed.): Aderlass und Seelentrost. The transmission of German texts in the Spiegel Berlin manuscripts and incunabula (= Berlin State Library. Exhibition catalogs . NF Vol. 48). von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-3154-1 , pp. 62-65.
  • Meinolf Schumacher : Introduction to the German literature of the Middle Ages . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2010, ISBN 978-3-534-19603-6 , pp. 65-69.
  • Frank Willaert: Heinrich von Veldeke and early Minnesang . In: Thomas Cramer; Ingrid Kasten (ed.): Medieval poetry. Problems of Poetics, Berlin 1999, pp. 33–56.
  • Ludwig Wolff , Werner Schröder: Heinrich von Veldeke. In: Kurt Ruh et al. (Ed.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. Volume 3. 2nd, completely revised edition. Vol. 3. de Gruyter, Berlin et al. 1981, ISBN 3-11-008778-2 , Sp. 899-918.
  • Heinrich von Veldeke . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 8, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 327. (Only interesting in terms of the history of science).

Web links

Wikisource: Heinrich von Veldeke  - Sources and full texts

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Dieter Kartschoke in his edition of: Heinrich von Veldeke, Eneas. Dieter Kartschoke (Ed.), 2nd edition. Leipzig: Reclam, 1997, p. 861. Kartschoke writes that this conclusion is understandable, but the entire tradition speaks against it.
  2. ↑ rcs-krueger
  3. ^ Carl von Kraus German song poet of the 13th century, Vol. 1, 1952, p. 439 f.
  4. ↑ Diemer, Dorothea and Peter. The pictures of the Berlin Veldeke manuscript. In: Hans Fromm, Eneasroman , pp. 911–970.
  5. ↑ Kornrumpf, Gisela . To a fragment of 'Eneide' by the Brothers Grimm. In: Contributions to the history of German language and literature 110 (1988), pp. 368–381.
personal data
SURNAME Heinrich von Veldeke
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hendrik van Veldeke
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch-German poet of the Middle Ages
DATE OF BIRTH before 1150
DATE OF DEATH between 1190 and 1200