Goatee relatives

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Goatee relatives
2009-09-25 Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers 58068 crop.jpg

Goatee relatives ( Hericiaceae )

Systematics
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Goatee relatives
Scientific name
Hericiaceae
Donk

The Stachelbart relatives (Hericiaceae) are parasitic or saprotrophic white rot fungi from the order of Täublingsartigen (Russulales). They have a monomitic hyphae system , sulfoaldehyde-negative gloeocystids and relatively small, almost spherical to ellipsoidal and amyloid spores. So it is primarily micromorphological features that unite and hold the family together. The family includes four genera: the hericium ( Hericium ) with large korallig-branched sporophores and a hydnoiden hymenophore from fleshy, depending spines, the genera Dentipellis and Dentipellicula with resupinaten fruit bodies and a hydnoiden hymenophore and laxitextum ( Laxitextum ) with a resupinaten to steroids Fruiting bodies and a smooth hymenophore. The type genus is Hericium .

features

The representatives of the family have whitish, cream-colored or brownish to brown colored fruit bodies, which can be resupinate , stereoid or coral-like branched. The surface can be smooth, tomentose or hairy. The hymenophore is smooth or hydnoid (i.e. prickly or toothy) and the flesh is more or less soft. The monomitic hyphae system consists of more or less thin-walled, often noticeably inflated hyphae on whose septa, as a rule, buckles are formed. Some hyphae have an irregular, winding structure and have a highly refractive content. They are often referred to as global hyphae . The occurrence of sulfoaldehyde-negative gloeocystides is also typical . The club-like basidia have four, with a length of 3.5–6.5 µm, rather small, spherical to ellipsoidal basidiospores . The spores are hyaline , thin to moderately thick-walled and mostly ornamented . They are strongly amyloid , so they stain blue with iodine reagents.

Ecology and diffusion

The family is mainly found in the northern temperate zone. The white rot fungi are predominantly saprobionts that grow on rotten hardwood or coniferous wood. Some species can cause core rot and / or grow on the dead parts of living trees.

Systematics

The family of the goatee relatives (Hericiaceae) was introduced in 1964 by the Dutch mycologist MA Donk. Contrary to the traditional fungal systematics, it was not the fruiting body morphology that united and held the family together, but primarily micro-characteristics such as: a monomitic hyphae system, buckles, gloeocystidial system, sulfoaldehyde-negative gloeocystids and small, amyloid spores. So it is not surprising that the representatives of the six genera that Donk placed in the family have very different fruiting bodies. Hericium and Creolophus (today belongs to the genus Hericium ) have coral-branched fruiting bodies and a hydnoid hymenophore; Clavicorona (with the species that belong to Artomyces today ) has coral-branched fruit bodies with upright tips or crowns and a smooth hymenophore, and Laxitextum has resupinate to stereoid fruit bodies and also a smooth hymenophore. In addition, Donk added the tooth skins ( Dentipellis ) and the then newly introduced genus Stecchericium to the family. Both have resupinate to effuso-reflex fruiting bodies and a hydnoid or toothy hymenophore. The predominantly tropical genus Stecchericium is an unclear taxon that is still insufficiently differentiated from similar genera. Currently, the genus is placed in the family of mountain porling relatives . So far (as of 2016) no species of the genus has been investigated in terms of molecular biology.

Hericium , Dentipellis and Creolophus were previously placed in the family of the stubble mushroom relatives (Hydnaceae) before MA Dank placed them in the then mostly artificial family of the royal bark relatives (Corticiaceae) in 1931 . He did this because these genera had great similarities with the genus Gloeocystidiellum , which at that time was still in this family because of its corticoid fruiting bodies.

Donk considered the species of the genus Clavicorona , which are closely related to the cup coral ( C. pyxidata ), to be close relatives of the barbed beards because of their gloeocystids, amyloid spores and the monomitic hyphae system. (The type species of the genus Clavicorona taxophila but has inamyloide spores and no Gloeozystiden. This is also the reason that W. Jülich Clavicorona pyxidata 1982 in the genre Artomyces and the family of ear spoon Stache Ling relatives presented (Auriscalpiaceae).) Donk saw as another The connecting feature is the coral-branched fruiting bodies, with the difference that the clavicorona has no drooping spines or teeth. In Donk's opinion, the cup corals, along with the spiked beards, formed the core of the family. For Donk, the most important unifying feature within the family was the conspicuous gloeocystidial system, which mostly consists of gloeopleren hyphae and gloeocystidia ending in the hymenium. Therefore he left the genus Amylaria , which F. Kotlaba and Z. Pouzar had placed together with the genus Hericium in the family of the mountain poling relatives (Bondarzewiaceae) in 1957 , in contrast to the spiked beards in this family. He did so, although both genera share many features in common, but Amylaria, the (sulfoaldehyde-negative) gloeocystid, lacked.

In contrast, the very similar genera of the Auriscalpiaceae (Auriscalpiaceae) as the goatee relatives have a gloeocystidial system, amyloid spores and at least partially a hydnoid hymenophore. Donk excluded them from the Hericiaceae family because they have a dimitic hyphae system and sulfoaldehyde-positive gloeocystids. It was probably not clear to him that two relatives of the cup coral ( C. pyxidatus ), C. colensoi and C. dichotoma also have a dimitic hyphae system and most species of the genus sulfoaldehyde-positive gloeocystidae. Only more recent molecular biological studies have shown that the cup corals belong to the ear spoon thorn relationship.

More recent molecular biological investigations by SL Miller and E. Larsson and K.-H. Larsson were able to show that Hericium , Dentipellis and Laxitextum are closely related and that they belong to a common community of descent within the order of the deaf species . They also showed that Creolophus cirrhatus , despite its smooth spores, belongs to the genus Hericium .

Molecular biological work by D. Hibbett (1997) and SL Miller (2006) as well as the occurrence of the Group I intron in the small subunit of the ribosomal DNA gene show that the genera Artomyces , Lentinellus and Auriscalpium are related to one another and that the cup corals are therefore part of the family belonging to the ear spoon thorn relatives. A relationship of Artomyces to Amylostereum as E. Larsson and K.-H. Larsson found in 2003 could not be confirmed by other working groups. Your result is probably due to an error in the sequencing of the LSU rDNA gene. The numerous morphological differences between the two genera made such a relationship very improbable.

Genera

The type of tooth skin Dentipellis fragilis
The branchy goatee ( Hericium coralloides )
The two-colored crust layer fungus ( Laxitextum bicolor )
Dentipellicula 2 types

They have effuso-reflexes to pileate fruiting bodies and a hydnoid hymenophore. The spines are soft and corky, the edge is fluffy and narrow. The subiculum is also soft, corky and whitish or pale. If present, the hat surface is cinnamon to yellow-brown and indistinctly zoned concentrically and hairless. Gloeoplere hyphae may or may not be present, but gloeocystidae are always found in the hymenium. The slightly thick-walled basidiospores are hyaline, rough and strongly amyloid. The type species is Dentipellicula taiwaniana (Sheng H. Wu) YC Dai & LW Zhou .

Tooth skins ( Dentipellis ) 7 types

The genus of the tooth membranes ( Dentipellis ) is macroscopically characterized by their resupinate fruiting bodies, the hydnoid hymenophore with long teeth or spines that grow out of a thin but clearly developed subiculum . Microscopic features are the monomitic hyphae system, the typical gloeocystids, as well as almost spherical, warty to prickly ornamented, amyloid basidiospores. The hyphae and the club-like, four-pore basidia usually have buckles. The type species is Dentipellis fragilis (Pers.) Donk

Goatee ( Hericium ) Pers. 13 species

The spiky whiskers are macroscopically characterized by the large, mostly coral branched and fleshy-prickly fruiting bodies and microscopically by their gloeocystids and the ellipsoid, amyloid, ornamented basididiospores. The surface is tomentose to bristly. Both the hyphae and the four-pore and club-shaped basidia have buckles, and the hyphae system is monomitic. The white rot fungi grow on wood. The type species is Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers.

Crusty layer mushrooms ( Laxitextum ) 3 types.

Crusty layer fungi are characterized by their resupinate to stereoid fruiting bodies, the occurrence of thin-walled gloeocystids and the finely prickly, amyloid basidiospores. The sterile surface is felty, the white to cream-colored hymenophore smooth and whitish in color. The thin-walled hyphae are almost hyaline to brownish. The gloeocystids are cylindrical to sub-pate and often constricted. The white rot fungi grow on dead deciduous branches that are usually in contact with the ground. The type species is Laxitextum bicolor (Pers.) Lentz

meaning

Some species are edible. Many species are rare and are on the red list in many European countries. In traditional Chinese medicine, some species of spiked beards are used as medicinal mushrooms.

swell

  • DS Hibbett, MJ Donoghue: Analysis of character correlations among wood decay mechanisms, mating systems and substrate ranges in Homobasidiamycetes. In: Syst. Biol. 50, 2001, pp. 215-242.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c P. Cannon & P. ​​Kirk: Fungal Families of the World . CAB International, 2007, p. 158 .
  2. ↑ a b MA Donk: A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales . 1964, p. 269 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology - Description of Hericiaceae).
  3. ↑ a b Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: Mycologia . tape 95 (6) . The Mycological Society of America, 2003, pp. 1037-1065 ( PDF; 1.13 MB ).
  4. ^ Karl-Henrik Larsson: Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi . In: Elsevier (Ed.): Mycological research . tape 111 , no. 9 , 2007, p. 1040-1063 .
  5. ^ A b Steven L. Miller, Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Annemieke Verbeken, Jorinde Nuytinck: Perspectives in the new Russulales . In: Mycologia . tape 98 (6) . Mycological Society of America, 2006, pp. 960–970 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.960 ( PDF; 3.33 MB ).
  6. ↑ David S. Hibbett, Elizabeth M. Pine, Ewald Langer, Gitta Langer, Michael J. Donoghue: Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences . In: Proceedings of the national academy of sciences . tape 94 , no. 22 , 1997, pp. 12002-12006 ( online [PDF]).
  7. ↑ Edgar B. Lickey, Karen W. Hughes, Ronald H. Petersen: Variability and phylogenetic incongruence of an SSU nrDNA group I intron in Artomyces, Auriscalpium, and Lentinellus (Auriscalpiaceae: Homobasidiomycetes) . In: Molecular biology and evolution . tape 20 , no. 11 , 2003, p. 1909–1916 ( PDF online ).
  8. ↑ LW Zhou, YC Dai: Taxonomy and phylogeny of wood-inhabiting hydnoid species in Russulales: two new genera, three new species and two new combinations . In: Mycologia . tape 105 , 2013, p. 636-649 ( mycologia.org [PDF]).
  9. ↑ A. Bernicchia, S. Gorjón (ed.): Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s. l. tape 12 , 2010, p. 277 ( online ).
  10. ^ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: About the genus Dentipellis. In: MycoKey. Retrieved April 18, 2016 .
  11. ↑ A. Bernicchia, S. Gorjón (ed.): Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s. l. tape 12 , 2010, p. 315 ( online ).
  12. ^ Jens H. Petersen, Thomas Læssøe: About the genus Tooth (Hericium). In: MycoKey. Retrieved April 18, 2016 .
  13. ↑ A. Bernicchia, S. Gorjón (ed.): Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s. l. tape 12 , 2010, p. 400 ( online ).
  14. ^ Jens H. Petersen & Thomas Læssøe: About the genus Laxitextum. In: MycoKey. Retrieved April 18, 2016 .

Web links

Commons : Barbed relatives (Hericiaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files