Hieronyma alchorneoides

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Hieronyma alchorneoides
Hieronyma alchorneoides (13344095463) .jpg

Hieronyma alchorneoides

Systematics
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Phyllanthaceae
Tribe : Antidesmeae
Sub tribus : Antidesminae
Genre : Hieronyma
Type : Hieronyma alchorneoides
Scientific name
Hieronyma alchorneoides
Allemão
fruit

Hieronyma alchorneoides is a plant from the family of Phyllanthaceae . It occurs from southern Mexico to the Amazon basin of Brazil and Peru , where it is called Zapatero, Pilón or Bully Tree. Hieronyma alchorneoides provides a very hard wood, which earned the species the nickname "Pilón" = trough, as it is often used to make mortars for grinding maize.

Sometimes the generic name is also incorrectly spelled Hyeronima .

description

Appearance and foliage leaf

Hieronyma alchorneoides grows as an evergreen tree with a dense crown that can reach heights of up to 40–45 meters. The heart root system is particularly broad, which earned it the Spanish trivial name zapato = shoe. The crown is very high, knot-free usable trunk lengths of around 20 meters can be achieved with a trunk diameter of 50 to 170 centimeters. There are roots or buttress roots . The cracked, more or less thick bark is red-brown to brown and slightly rough to scaly.

The alternately arranged, simple, slightly leathery leaves have longer stems. The leaf stalk with a "joint" is up to 18 centimeters long. The leaves are entire, about 7-25 inches long and ovate to elliptical, rounded or obovate and pointed at the tip. They are slightly hairy on the upper side and slightly more scaly-haired on the underside, especially on the veins. The leaf blades are quite large with young trees with about 280 cm² and with older trees with about 60 cm². There are falling stipules .

Flower, fruit and seeds

Hieronyma alchorneoides is dioecious, separate sexes ( dioecious ), so male and female flowers are on different specimens. The paniculate , slightly hairy inflorescences with long racemose side axes are about 10-15 cm long. The very small, stalked and unisexual flowers are green with a simple flower envelope , the petals are missing. The cup-shaped, slightly scaly calyx has 4 minute lobes or none. The male flowers usually have 4 to 6 stamens and a small pestle. In the female flowers, a mostly two-chambered, upper ovary with two (three), short and curved, partly fused pistils with bilobed stigmas is formed. There is a discus for each flower .

The small and around 3 to 5 mm large, round and smooth stone fruits with a permanent calyx are initially green and then reddish to dark purple, blackish. The skin is thin and the fleshy flesh is sweet. The fruit usually contains only one seed in the hard, fine-grained and slightly bumpy stone core.

use

The rather heavy, well-durable and beautiful wood has a light, reddish sapwood . The heartwood is dark brown to reddish brown in color. The texture of the wood is medium to fine, the wood fibers show an intermittent growth. The wood of the Zapateros is one of the hardest and most durable precious woods in South America. It is also resistant to salt water. For this reason, it is particularly suitable for the construction of load-bearing structures in the port area, but also for track construction, civil engineering, as a floor covering or as a decorative veneer. It is also known as Suradan .

Occurrence

The distribution area of Hieronyma alchorneoides extends from southern Mexico down to the Amazon basin of Brazil and Peru . Find locations are given for Mexico, Belize , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Panama , the Dominican Republic , St. Lucia , St. Vincent , Trinidad , French Guiana , Guyana , Suriname , Venezuela , Brazil, Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru. It thrives in tropical humid to very humid areas up to an altitude of 900 meters.

Taxonomy

The genus Hieronyma was established with the type species Hieronyma alchorneoides by Francisco Freire Allemão e Cysneiro in Plantas Novas do Brasil 1 in 1848 and then first described as Hieronyma in (Typographia do Archivo Medico Brasileiro) IV, N. 8: 169 (in illustration as Hieronima alchornioides) .

Synonyms are: Hieronyma alchorneoides var. Stipulosa P.Franco , Hieronyma caribaea Urb. , Hieronyma chocoensis Cuatrec. , Hieronyma ferruginea (Tul.) Tul. , Hieronyma heterotricha Pax & K.Hoffm. , Hieronyma laxiflora (Tul.) Müll.Arg. , Hieronyma mattogrossensis Pax & K. Hoffm. , Hieronyma mollis Müll.Arg. , Hieronyma ovatifolia Lundell , Hieronyma tectissima L.A. Standl. & LOWilliams , Stilaginella amazonica Tul. , Stilaginella ferruginea Tul. , Stilaginella laxiflora Tul.

literature

  • Martin Chudnoff: Tropical Timbers of the World. Agriculture Handbook 607, United States Department of Agriculture, 1984, p. 94, limited preview in Google Book search.
  • Franklin R. Longwood: Commercial Timers of the Caribbean. Agriculture Handbook 207, USDA, 1962, p. 112 ff, limited preview in the Google book search.
  • Fieldiana. Flora Costaricensis, No. 36, 1995, p. 127 f, online at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  • EM Flores: Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemão. In: JA Vozzo: Tropical Tree Seed Manual. Agriculture Handbook 721, USDA, 2002, pp. 514 ff, online (PDF) at Natural Resource Ecology and Management - Iowa State.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Zapatero, ForestFinance Baumlexikon ( Memento from April 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF)
  2. ↑ Martin Chudnoff: Tropical Timbers of the World.
  3. ↑ Hieronyma alchorneoides in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  4. ↑ online at Coleção Digital de Jornais e Revistas da Biblioteca Nacional (search with alchorneoides).
  5. ^ Hieronyma alchorneoides at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis