Hyaloperonospora

Hyaloperonospora
	Hyaloperonospora brassicae on cabbage
Systematics
Sub-kingdom :	Stramenopile (Chromista)
Department :	Egg mushrooms (Oomycota)
Class :	Oomycetes
Order :	Peronosporales
Family :	Peronosporaceae
Genre :	Hyaloperonospora
Scientific name
	Hyaloperonospora
	Constant.

Hyaloperonospora is a genus of egg mushrooms . These are obligate plant pathogens that were originally thought to be members of the genus Peronospora . The species of this genus call with "downy mildew" ( English downy mildew ) produce specified diseases which attack many important crops. Of the total of 19 genera that cause these diseases, Hyaloperonospora and Perofascia were classified in the group of downy mildew, which infest cabbage. In the entire downy mildew group, Hyaloperonospora is the most species-rich genus. The best known species is Hyaloperonospora parasitica (also known as Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis ). This speciesalso became a model organism due to its abilityto infectthe model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . It is used in studies of plant-pathogen interaction and is currently the only fully sequenced Hyaloperonospora species.

history

Hyaloperonospora was discovered in 2002 by Göker et al. described, which with the help of molecular genetic and phylogenetic techniques identified sufficiently large differences to Peronospora species to be regarded as an independent genus. Both genera were the first downy mildew pathogens whose molecular phylogeny was described.

description

Hyaloperonospora differs from Perofascia by the tree-like sporangiophores ; in addition, their haustoria are lobed to spherical, and the walls of their oospores are comparatively thin.

The life cycle does not differ from that of downy mildew . It starts with sporangia , small spore-like structures. When transferred to leaf surfaces, "germ" tubes turn out. The germ tubes penetrate the leaf cells and form a haustorium, which enables the “fungus” to absorb nutrients. The powdery mildew continues to grow and sends hyphae into the spaces between cells. This kills some of the leaf cells, leaving lesions on the leaf , followed by necrosis . Under suitable conditions, powdery mildew reproduces asexually and forms tree-like sporangiophores outside the leaf. The sporangiophores create conidia that can be transmitted to other plants by the wind. Sexual reproduction occurs under unfavorable conditions by producing haploid antheridia and haploid oogonia through meiosis . These structures are the only non- diploid stages in the development cycle of Hyaloperonospora . The antheridia fuse with the oogonia and trigger plasmogamy , which is followed by karyogamy to form diploid oospores. The oospores are then spread by the wind and infect other plants.

Ecology and habitat

Hyaloperonospora species can be found on plants of 20 different tribes of the cruciferous family ( Brassicaceae ). In general, they are represented wherever their host plants live, the seeds of which are distributed through human trade. In contrast to other species, Hyaloperonospora parasitica has a very broad host range and infects a number of cultivated plants. Another important representative is Hyaloperonospora brassicae , which attacks many types of cabbage ( Brassica spec.).

meaning

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis infects the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and through this association became a model pathogen for the study of plant-pathogen interactions. This study of interactions should provide insight into how to more effectively protect crops from deadly eukaryotic pathogens. The pathogen is also used in the Arabidopsis eFP browser as one of nine stress factors.

Genome and genetics

The genome of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis was sequenced and assembled for the first time in 2008 using Sanger sequencing with an Illumina device. A genome size of 78 Mb with a 9.5-fold coverage of the nuclear genome was determined; the mitochondrial genome was not taken into account. 42% of repetitive elements were found. A total of 14,543 protein-coding genes were predicted using a gene model discovery program.

Two further isolates of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis were sequenced in 2015 using an Illumina HiSeq device with 90-fold coverage; in this way a genome size of 70 and 74 Mb was determined.

Systematics

Types (selection)

The following types are described:

Hyaloperonospora arabidis-alpinae (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr, Riethm., Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora barbareae (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora berteroae (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora brassicae (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr, Riethm., Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora camelinae (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr, Riethm., Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora cardamines-enneaphyllos Voglmayr
Hyaloperonospora cardamines-laciniatae (Gäum.) Voglmayr
Hyaloperonospora cardaminopsidis (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora cheiranthi (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora cochleariae (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora dentariae (Rabenh.) Voglmayr
Hyaloperonospora dentariae-macrophyllae (Gäum.) Voglmayr, YJChoi & HDShin
Hyaloperonospora drabae (Gäum.) YJChoi, HDShin & Voglmayr
Hyaloperonospora erophilae (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr, Riethm., Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora floerkeae (Kellerm.) Constant.
Hyaloperonospora galligena (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora hesperidis (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora isatidis (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora lepidii-perfoliati (Savul. & Rayss) Constant.
Hyaloperonospora lobulariae (Ubrizsy & Vörös) Göker, Voglmayr & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora lunariae (Gäum.) Constant.
Hyaloperonospora malyi (Lindtner) Voglmayr
Hyaloperonospora nasturtii-aquatici (Gäum.) Voglmayr
Hyaloperonospora nesliae (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora niessliana (Berl.) Constant.
Hyaloperonospora norvegica (Gäum.) YJChoi, HDShin & Voglmayr
Hyaloperonospora parasitica (Pers.) Constant.
Hyaloperonospora praecox Voglmayr & Göker
Hyaloperonospora rorippae-islandicae (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora sisymbrii-loeselii (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora sisymbrii-sophiae (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora teesdaliae (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora thlaspeos-arvensis (Gäum.) Göker, Riethm., Voglmayr, Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora thlaspeos-perfoliati (Gäum.) Göker, Voglmayr, Riethm., Weiss & Oberw.
Hyaloperonospora tribulina (Pass.) Constant.

Individual evidence

↑ Ovidiu Constantinescu, Jamshid Fatehi: Peronospora-like fungi (Chromista, Peronosporales) parasitic on Brassicaceae and related hosts . In: Nova Hedwigia . 74, No. 3-4, 2002, pp. 291-338.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h M. = Thines, YJ Choi: Evolution, diversity, and taxonomy of the Peronosporaceae, with focus on the genus Peronospora . In: Phytopathology . 106, No. 1, 2015, pp. 6-18. doi : 10.1094 / PHYTO-05-15-0127-RVW .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d M. E. Coates, JL Beynon: Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis as a pathogen model . In: Annual Review of Phytopathology . 48, 2010, pp. 329-45. doi : 10.1146 / annurev-phyto-080508-094422 .
↑ M. Göker, H. Voglmayr, A. Riethmüller, M. Weiß, F. Oberwinkler: Taxonomic aspects of Peronosporaceae inferred from Bayesian molecular phylogenetics . In: Canadian Journal of Botany . 81, No. 7, 2003, pp. 672-683. doi : 10.1139 / b03-066 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j V. Krsteska, V. Dimeska, S. Stojkov, P. Stojanoski: Peronospora tabacina A. the causing agent of Blue Mold disease on tobacco. . In: Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science . 21, 2015, pp. 132-139.
↑ D. Winter, B. Vinegar, H. Nahal, R. Ammar, GV Wilson, NJ Provart: An "Electronic Fluorescent Pictograph" browser for exploring and analyzing large-scale biological data sets. . In: PLOS ONE . 2, No. 8, 2007, p. E718. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0000718 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d L. Baxter, S. Tripathy, N. Ishaque, N. Boot, A. Cabral, E. Kemen, P. Bittner-Eddy: Signatures of adaptation to obligate biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis genome . In: Science . 330, No. 6010, 2010, pp. 1549-1551. doi : 10.1126 / science.1195203 .
↑ Hyaloperonospora Constant. . In: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy . Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[1] Ovidiu Constantinescu, Jamshid Fatehi: Peronospora-like fungi (Chromista, Peronosporales) parasitic on Brassicaceae and related hosts . In: Nova Hedwigia . 74, No. 3-4, 2002, pp. 291-338.

[(Thines_&_Choi,_2015)-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h M. = Thines, YJ Choi: Evolution, diversity, and taxonomy of the Peronosporaceae, with focus on the genus Peronospora . In: Phytopathology . 106, No. 1, 2015, pp. 6-18. doi : 10.1094 / PHYTO-05-15-0127-RVW .

[(Coates_&_Beynon,_2010)-3] M. E. Coates, JL Beynon: Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis as a pathogen model . In: Annual Review of Phytopathology . 48, 2010, pp. 329-45. doi : 10.1146 / annurev-phyto-080508-094422 .

[(Göker_et_al.,_2003)-4] M. Göker, H. Voglmayr, A. Riethmüller, M. Weiß, F. Oberwinkler: Taxonomic aspects of Peronosporaceae inferred from Bayesian molecular phylogenetics . In: Canadian Journal of Botany . 81, No. 7, 2003, pp. 672-683. doi : 10.1139 / b03-066 .

[(Krsteska_et_al.,_2015)-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j V. Krsteska, V. Dimeska, S. Stojkov, P. Stojanoski: Peronospora tabacina A. the causing agent of Blue Mold disease on tobacco. . In: Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science . 21, 2015, pp. 132-139.

[(Winter_et_al.,_2007)-6] D. Winter, B. Vinegar, H. Nahal, R. Ammar, GV Wilson, NJ Provart: An "Electronic Fluorescent Pictograph" browser for exploring and analyzing large-scale biological data sets. . In: PLOS ONE . 2, No. 8, 2007, p. E718. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0000718 .

[(Baxter_et_al.,_2010)-7] L. Baxter, S. Tripathy, N. Ishaque, N. Boot, A. Cabral, E. Kemen, P. Bittner-Eddy: Signatures of adaptation to obligate biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis genome . In: Science . 330, No. 6010, 2010, pp. 1549-1551. doi : 10.1126 / science.1195203 .

[8] Hyaloperonospora Constant. . In: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy . Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved June 4, 2019.