Indian jujube
| Indian jujube | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indian jujube ( Ziziphus mauritiana ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Ziziphus mauritiana | ||||||||||||
| Lam. |
The Indian jujube or felt-leaved jujube ( Ziziphus mauritiana ) is a fruit tree native to the Middle East and South Asia. It is grown in tropical and subtropical areas around the world and is one of the most common fruit trees in India . The fruits are egg-shaped brownish or yellow, rarely reddish to black drupes .
description
The Indian jujube grows as an evergreen tree or shrub up to 15 meters high with a spreading crown, hanging branches and a dark gray, cracked bark . The twigs are downy hairy and bent somewhat in a zigzag shape from leaf to leaf. The leaves are alternate. The leaf blade becomes 2.5 to 8 inches long and 1.5 to 5 inches wide and is traversed by three ribs extending from the base. It is egg-shaped, elliptical or rounded, blunt or pointed with a rounded base and finely notched edge. The upper side of the leaf is dark green, shiny and glabrous, the underside with thick white or gray hairs. The petiole becomes 5 to 15 millimeters long. The stipules are often designed as thorns with a length of up to 7 millimeters.
The flowers are six to twenty in tomentose hairy, 1 to 2 centimeters long, axillary umbels . The inconspicuous single flowers stand on 2 to 8 millimeter long flower stalks. The inflorescence is formed by five pointed, egg-shaped, keeled and hairy on the outside, about 1.5 millimeter long sepals and five greenish-white to yellow, knocked back, spatulate, concave, about 1.5 millimeter long petals . The stamens are a little shorter or about the same length as the petals. The disc is thick, fleshy, ten-lobed and concave in the center. The ovary is spherical and hairless. The stylus is in two parts or divided up to the middle.
The fruits are mostly egg-shaped, more rarely round drupes . In wild forms they reach a size of about 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters, in cultivated varieties a length of 6 centimeters and a diameter of 4 centimeters. The fruit skins are smooth or rough, thin, shiny and brownish or golden yellow when ripe, rarely reddish to blackish and often with brown spots. The flesh is whitish, juicy and, depending on the degree of ripeness, firm to soft. The taste is sweet and fruity and resembles that of pears, in the unripe state the flesh is astringent . The fruit stones are up to 1.5 centimeters in size. They are light brown, round to elliptical, warty, woody, irregularly grooved and contain one or two brown kernels. The Indian jujube blooms from August to November and bears fruit from September to December.
The number of chromosomes is .
Distribution and location requirements
The Indian jujube is an ancient cultivated plant that is believed to have come from the Middle East and South Asia. It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates with little precipitation and needs a sunny location. It endures high temperatures and drought. The species is found at altitudes between 0 and 100 meters with mean annual temperatures of around 10 to 42 ° C and annual rainfall of 120 to 2200 millimeters, but widespread in drier locations around 300 - 500 mm. It thrives best on sandy loam soils with a neutral to slightly basic pH value , but also on a large number of other soils such as laterite , vertisoles or oolithic limestone.
Systematics
The Indian Jujuba ( Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. ) Is a species from the genus Ziziphus , which is assigned to the tribe Paliureae in the family of the buckthorn plants ( Rhamnaceae ) .
Use and cultivation
The fruits are rich in carotene , vitamin A and vitamin C . They are eaten with the peel as fruit, steamed, dried, candied or made into juice. They are used to make chutneys , unripe fruits are pickled like vegetables. The dried and ground pulp is used as a spice. In Indonesia, young leaves are prepared as vegetables. The bark is used for tanning and dyeing . Fruits, leaves, bark and roots are used to treat wounds and are said to have a digestive effect and help with intestinal and stomach problems. The leaves are used as fodder, the leaves are used to breed lacquer scale insects ( Kerria lacca ). Small pieces of furniture, tools and household items are made from the heavy and hard wood.
Numerous varieties are grown, the fruits of which differ in size, taste, color and shape. From mature trees of high-yielding varieties, up to 150 kilograms of fruit can be obtained annually. The fruits are harvested when they turn yellow, they can then be stored for several days, refrigerated up to a month. Propagation takes place either through seeds, whereby the young trees are subsequently grafted , or, less often, through root saplings and sinkers .
proof
literature
- Bernd Nowak, Bettina Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical crops and their fruits . Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2009, ISBN 978-3-494-01455-5 , p. 605-607 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Nowak, Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical useful plants and their fruits , p. 605
- ↑ a b c Ziziphus mauritiana. In: Flora of China Vol. 12. www.eFloras.org, p. 122 , accessed on November 1, 2010 (English).
- ↑ Nowak, Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical useful plants and their fruits , pp. 605–606
- ↑ a b Nowak, Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical useful plants and their fruits , p. 606
- ↑ a b c d Nowak, Schulz: Pocket dictionary of tropical useful plants and their fruits , p. 607
- ↑ Ziziphus mauritiana. In: AgroForestryTree Database. World Agroforestry Center, accessed November 1, 2010 .
- ↑ Ziziphus mauritiana. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed October 31, 2010 .
Web links
- Ziziphus mauritiana . In: U. Brunken, M. Schmidt, S. Dressler, T. Janssen, A. Thiombiano, G. Zizka: West African plants - A Photo Guide. Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main 2008.