Jewish community of Poběžovice

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Jewish community in Poběžovice (German Ronsperg ), a town in the Okres Domažlice district in the Czech Republic , existed until 1938.

history

First settlement of Jews in Poběžovice 11th to 15th centuries

There are very different sources of information about the time when the Jewish community in Poběžovice was established. Moritz Klauber assumes in his book The Place Ronsperk and the Poběžovice Jews that already in 1096 Jews lived in Poběžovice, who were destroyed by a massacre by the crusaders of the Jewish population of Poběžovice.

Archdechant Josef Hüttl writes in the book "Unser Heimatkreis Bischofteinitz" that the Jewish community in Poběžovice had existed for 735 years. If you calculate this information back from the first publication date of the book in 1967, it would mean that it has existed since 1232.

Despite the uncertain source situation, Jewish settlement in the Poběžovice area in the 11th and 12th centuries is not unlikely, because under the reign of Soběslav II (Bohemia) in the 12th century, Jews had the right to settle freely anywhere in Bohemia to conduct any business or trade. In addition, two important trade routes merged in Poběžovice, namely:

From Poběžovice both roads ran together via Horšovský Týn , Pilsen , Prague and further towards Poland . So it was definitely attractive for every businessman to settle in Poběžovice.

Another source claims that there was evidence of a Jewish community in Poběžovice for the 15th century under the rule of Dobrohost from Ronšperk.

16th Century

Many sources assume that Poběžovice had a Jewish population since the 16th century. In 1582 and 1584, Rabbi Löw from Prague , the creator of the golem , visited the Jewish community of Poběžovice.

Rabbi Löw's first visit to Poběžovice

In 1582 Rabbi Löw came to Poběžovice in connection with a plague raging in Bohemia and Moravia . At that time, Rabbi Löw gave a sermon in front of the Jewish community in Poběžovice in which he assured the believers that the Almighty would save them. He quoted the prophet Isaiah: "I will protect and save this city, for my sake and for the sake of my servant David." (Isaiah, chapter 37, verse 35) The parishioners referred this quote to the Poběžovitz tailor David Zaddik . After his death, this tailor was called one of the 36 righteous people who, according to Talmudic tradition, prevent the destruction of the world in every generation. His tomb became the target of great veneration and many pilgrims.

Rabbi Löw's second visit to Poběžovice

On May 3, 1583, Jizchak Mělnik, the chief rabbi of Prague, died. Instead of Rabbi Löw, who was hoping for this position, Jizchak Chajut was elected as the new Chief Rabbi of Prague. Disappointed and angry about this, Rabbi Löw traveled from Prague to his hometown Poznań that same year . On his way through, he stopped in Poběžovice.

17th century

In 1611 there were 30 Jewish families with 300 people in Poběžovice. Six Jewish families with 40 people lived in nearby Mutěnín in 1669.

18th century

Baal Schem Tov in Poběžovice

In the 17th century the movement around Shabbtai Zvi shook Judaism. This movement passed into Frankism in the 18th century . Hasidism emerged as a counter-movement, the founder of which is Israel ben Eliezer , known as Baal Shem Tov (abbreviated: Besht).

In Poběžovice in 1648 a long, violent and much noticed religious dispute arose between the supporters of Shabbtai Zvis and his opponents. Baal Shem Tov lived in Poběžovice for the whole of 1744 and fought against Sabbatians and Frankist currents. The strict measures that Ball Schem Tov took in Poběžovice can be understood from the liberation from the narrow, strictly regulated living conditions in the ghetto , which was striven for by Sabbatianism and Frankism .

He forbade the wearing of amulets, women were not allowed to walk outside of the city, especially not accompanied by men, women were not allowed to take part in dance events or go to the theater or any other shows. Women and girls were not allowed to sit in front of the house on Saturdays and holidays. If a woman went unaccompanied to milk a cow, the milk was forbidden to drink. Every day there was a service in the synagogue. The needs of the poor were taken care of and boys from poor families were given the opportunity to study the Torah. Music was not allowed to be played at weddings. The community boards were committed to strict, honest community management that influenced the lives of believers and contributed to the consolidation of the community, the Jewish soul and the faith. After one year of work by Baal Shem Tov, the dispute in the Jewish community in Poběžovice was over and all heresy was eradicated by the stump and stalk.

In 1793 a list of all Jewish families, their shops and handicraft businesses was drawn up by order of the state government. This register shows that there were 25 Jewish families with 152 people in Poběžovice at that time.

19th century

In 1848 the ghettos were dissolved and the Jews were given complete freedom of movement. During this time, Jews moved to villages and small towns, where they founded new Jewish communities. However, many Jews later moved to the larger cities. This movement was possible for the Jews from 1848, since they were no longer tied to the Jewish communities.

20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, many Jews from Poběžovice continued to migrate to the larger cities and inland. In 1938 there were only about 50 Jews left in Poběžovice. Of them 10 people were able to flee, 40 people were deported to Theresienstadt by the German fascists and murdered. Only three Jews from Poběžovice survived the Holocaust and returned to Poběžovice in 1945.

Ghetto, Judengasse

Poběžovice, Judengasse 1838, rough sketch using Openstreetmap
Poběžovice, former Judengasse, today (2014) Masaryk Street

Since the 17th century there was a Judengasse, today's Masarykstraße. Their houses had been numbered with Roman numerals (I - XI) since 1770. This numbering remained until 1914, after which they were given Arabic numerals. The Judengasse was in the south-eastern part of Poběžovice and led to the eastern city gate. In 1857 22 houses were already owned by Jews. The house numbers 26, 31, 33, 34, 42 - 45, 50 and 61 were added to the original 11 houses I - XI. In the following years Jews also settled in the rest of Poběžovice. In 1913 the following 20 houses belonged to Jews: IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, X, 8, 9, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37, 42, 43, 48, 65, 66 and 116.

Until the beginning of the 20th century the street was called Judengasse (Židovská), then it was renamed Bahnhofstraße. Most of the houses on this street belonged to Jews until 1938, namely the house numbers (now all Arabic): 8, 9, 16, 23, 26, 31, 33, 34, 37, 42, 43, 66, 68, 116, 205, 206 , 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 286. House number 8 was the Hotel Krone, number 34 was the synagogue from 1814 to 1938, numbers 205 and 206 were buildings of the feldspar works of the Mandler family. The former Judengasse has been called Masarykstraße since 1945.

Shops, crafts, industry

Jewish businessmen played an important role in Poběžovice's business life since the end of the 18th century. In 1793 Jews ran three haberdashery stores, a grocery store, two bed springs and poultry stores, five peddlers, a cattle dealer, two cattle slaughterhouses, two brandy distilleries, a tannery, a ribbon factory, a potash factory, an assistant teacher and a glazier.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries there were also: a shop for haberdashery, other iron, mixed, butter, egg and grocery stores, a furrier, a tannery, an inn, a hotel, three ironing establishments, four butchers , a grain and seed shop, a liquor and coffee shop, a junk shop, a shoemaker, a saddlery and upholstery shop, a lace and lace shop, a paper mill.

Special mention should be made of the Mandler family, who, in addition to various shops, also ran a factory for slippers and a feldspar mill.

Jewish Cemetery

Poběžovice, Jewish cemetery

In 1613 a Jewish cemetery was established southeast of the village of Poběžovice. His oldest tombstone was from 1620.

There are also various details about the founding of the Jewish cemetery in Poběžovice, which still exists today. Around 1560, 1613 and others. The oldest tombstone still in place in this cemetery dates from 1634.

After the German occupation in 1938 and during World War II , the cemetery was probably desecrated by the Nazis , but was preserved and the gravestones, even if partially overturned, remained in their original locations.

In the 1950s the graves were torn down and the tombstones thrown in a pile on the edge of the cemetery. A shooting range was set up in the rear half of the cemetery and later a pheasant enclosure. Many of the tombstones were removed and used as building material. Of the original 600 tombstones, only about 130 have survived.

Mikveh

Mikveh

As early as the 16th century, there was a famous mikveh that was fed by a spring, the water of which was said to have medicinal properties. Rabbi Judah Löw , the creator of the golem , and Rabbi Baal Shem Tov are said to have been among their visitors . This mikveh later became a popular pilgrimage destination for Hasidic Jews .

In 1926, a large round stone slab from 1744 was found in the mikveh, on which a Hebrew inscription testified to the visit of Baal Shem Tov. The inscription read: “Rabbi Israel Baal-Shem dipped into this spring 310 times, in the days of the terribly cold year 1744, and said that the spring is generally beneficial for health and works against suffering. And in 1814 the house at the source was built. " (Hebrew: בבור מעין זה טבל ר'ישראל בע'ש שי'פ בי'קנ 'בשנ' תק'ד שהוא מעין ישועה כללות). The stone itself has disappeared, but photographs of it exist.

Yeshiva

From 1792 to 1859 there was a well-known yeshiva in Poběžovice .

synagogue

Synagogue 1910 (front, right)
View of the square where the synagogue used to stand and the mikveh is still located today, from the north

Various sources mention the existence of a synagogue in Poběžovice as early as the 16th century. At Purghart it is located in the same place where the synagogue was built in the 19th century. On the other hand, Polák Rokycana believes that the synagogue originally stood in the Christian quarter of Poběžovice, which is entirely possible since in the 16th century it was not yet mandatory to build synagogues only in the Jewish quarter. Nothing is known about the further fate of this first synagogue. In addition to the synagogue, a prayer room is mentioned, which was located in an attic of house number X, the house of Otto Mandler, who had his slipper factory here.

From 1814 to 1816 a synagogue was built on the south side of the Judengasse. It had a square floor plan with tall, arched windows with pilaster strips between them . In this building there was also an apartment for the rabbi, a Jewish school and a library that was donated to the Jewish community by Count Johannes von Coudenhove-Kalergi . The mikveh was in the basement of the synagogue.

Next to the synagogue was a pilgrim hotel for pilgrims visiting the mikveh. During the November pogroms in 1938 , the synagogue was devastated and destroyed. The pilgrim hotel was preserved. The ruins of the synagogue survived the Second World War and were demolished along with all the remains of the Jewish quarter in the 1970s. The surviving mikveh was sealed with a concrete slab and the land was sold to private individuals.

In 2014 the Pilsen Jewish Community received the synagogue property. The concrete slab over the mikveh has been removed so that the stairs leading down are now visible.

Community development

year Parishioners in% of the total population
1600 30 families
1611 300 people
1654 145 people
1715 150 people
1724 12 families, 60 people
1747 17 families, 108 people
1756 14 families
1793 25 families, 152 people
1811 30 families, 300 people
1814 33 families
1836 233 people
1837 212 people 11%
1839 30 families, 212 people
1857 211 people in 21 houses
1880 114 people 5.8%
1890 102 people 5.2%
1893 130 people
1900 94 people 4.8%
1910 56 people
1921 69 people
1927 50 people 2.5%
1930 41 people 2%
1938 approx. 50 people

The Jews in Nemanice also belonged to the Jewish community of Poběžovice. The Jews in Meclov initially had a small synagogue (which has been used as a fire station since 1856) but was then attached to the Jewish community of Poběžovice.

Rabbi of the Jewish community in Poběžovice

  • Joel Raunschurg-Rosenbaum (1714–1820) - the synagogue in Poběžovice was built at his instigation. He is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Poběžovice.
  • Eleazar Löw Trietsch (1758–1837) - author of several religious writings.
  • Daniel ben Joel Bezalel Rosenbaum-Raunschburg (1760–1820) - son of Joel Raunschurg-Rosenbaum, teacher at the Yeschiwa Poběžovice and director of the Yeschiwa in Prague. Famous Talmudist, works: Horah Gaber , Horajot , Ma'aseh Rab and others.
  • Lazar Frisch
  • Moises white hat
  • Albert Kohn - later district rabbi in Roudnice nad Labem
  • Isak Pereles - later the district rabbi in Rakovník
  • Samuel Kohn - district rabbi for Pilsen and Klatovy in Poběžovice
Rabbi Eleazar Löw, called Schemen Rokeach
  • Eleazar Löw , called "Schemen Rokeach" (1758–1837) - from 1812 to 1815 district rabbi for Pilsen and Klatovy in Poběžovice, famous rabbi and author of several rabbinical writings, including the multi-part Schemen Rokeach, after which he was named. Grandfather of Lazar Münz
  • R. Falk - district rabbi for Pilsen and Klatovy in Poběžovice
  • Filip Kolmer (1756–1834) - the last district rabbi for Pilsen and Klatovy in Poběžovice. Buried in the Jewish cemetery in Poběžovice.
  • N. Karpeles
  • Grumble
  • star
  • sparrow
  • Volkmann,
  • Tänzeles (since 1905)
  • Landau
  • Glaziers
  • Gabriel Güns (died 1930) - during his time the Baal Shem stone was discovered in the mikveh in Poběžovice.

Head of the Jewish community in Poběžovice

In the 19th century:

  • 1822 Eliáš Bloch
  • 1861 Aron Pereles
  • 1874 Abraham Langschur

In the 20th century:

  • Bernard Winternitz
  • Siegmund Mandler

Personalities

  • Moses Löb Bloch (1815–1909), rabbi, director of the National Rabbinical School in Budapest, born in 1815 in Poběžovice
  • Abraham Langschur (1841–1923), Jewish businessman, long-time chairman of the Jewish community and the Poběžovice Burial Society, born, died and buried in Poběžovice
  • Siegmund Langschur (1884–1942), teacher, son of Abraham Langschur, murdered in the Branovitz concentration camp in 1942, the Siegmund Langschur Prize was donated in his memory. Every year a high school pupil in Krnov receives a prize for exceptional performance is awarded.
  • Emil Starkenstein (1884–1942), pharmacologist, murdered in Mauthausen concentration camp in 1942

literature

  • Jar. Polák Rokycana: History of the Jews in Ronsperg in Bohemia. In: Hugo Gold , The Jews and Jewish communities of Bohemia in the past and present , Jüdischer Buch- und Kunstverlag, Brno-Prague 1934, online: http://www.hugogold.com/bohemia/ronsperg.pdf (German)
  • Ivana Žahourová: Mikve: fenomén židovské obřadnosti (rituální lázně v Čechách) , thesis, Prague 2012, Charles University Prague, Philosophical Faculty, Department of Ethnology (Czech), online: https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/zzp/detail/ 108941 /
  • Ivana Šedivec: Mikve: fenomén židovské obřadnosti (poznámky k rituálním lázním v Čechách a na Moravě) (English: Mikveh: the phenomenon of Jewish solemity (notes about ritual baths in Bohemia and Moravia) ), 2014, Prague, Charles University Department of Ethnology, Rigorosumarbeit (Czech), online: https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/zzp/detail/140617/
  • Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 (English: Extinct Jewish congregation in Poběžovice during the years 1850-1950 ), 2011, Prague, Charles University, Pedagogical Faculty, Bachelor thesis (Czech:), online : //is.cuni.cz/webapps/zzp/detail/99336/
  • Petra Malínská: Židé a židovské obce v západních Čechách v 18. - 1. polovině 20. století (English: Jews and Jewish Communities in the Western Bohemia During the Time - period from the 18th Century to the First Half of the 20th Century ), 2007, Prague, Charles University, Hussite Faculty, diploma thesis (Czech), online: https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/zzp/detail/408/
  • Renata Klodnerová: Synagogy v Plzeňském kraji (English: The Synagogues in the Pilsen region), 2011, Prague, Charles University, Hussite Theological Faculty, Jewish Studies, Diploma thesis (Czech), online: https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/ zzp / detail / 69344 /

See also

Web links

Commons : Jewish community Poběžovice  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  2. ↑ Moritz Klauber: Mesto Ronšperk (Poběžovice) a poběžovičtí zide , Horšovský Týn 1927, p 8
  3. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 16
  4. ^ Josef Hüttl: The church-religious life in our home district. In: Franz Liebl, Heimatkreis Bischofteinitz (Hrsg.): Our Heimatkreis Bischofteinitz. Brönner & Daentler, Eichstätt 1967, p. 479
  5. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 15-17
  6. ↑ BOEHM, Josef; ŠPAČKOVÁ, Marie; ŠPAČEK, Josef. Poběžovice: 650 let: 1359-2009. Poběžovice: 2009. 123 s. ISBN 978-80-254-6347-5 , p. 70
  7. ↑ http://www.pobezovice.cz/?module=dokument&action=display_dokument&id=6720 The oldest tombstone is from 1634.pdf
  8. ↑ POLÁK ROKYCANA, Jaroslav. History of the Jews in Ronsperg in Bohemia. In GOLD, Hugo. The Jews and Jewish communities in Bohemia past and present. Brno / Praha: Jewish book and art publisher, 1934. 735 see, p. 575
  9. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  10. ↑ ROZKOŠNÁ, Blanka; JAKUBEC, Pavel. židovské památky Čech: History a památky židovského osídlení Čech. Brno: Era group, 2004. 480 p. ISBN 80-86517-64-0 , p. 299
  11. ↑ KUČA, Karel. Města a městečka v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku. Díl 5th Par-Pra. Praha: Libri, 2002.671 p. ISBN 80-7277-039-X , p. 267
  12. ↑ PURGHART, František. Poběţovice, Pivoňské hory a podhůří. Díl II, Poběžovice: 1965, p. 486
  13. ↑ http: //www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/index.php/gemeinden/pr/1684-ronsberg-ronsperg-boehmen
  14. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 20, 21
  15. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 20, 21
  16. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 23
  17. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 25, 26
  18. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 24
  19. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 29, 30
  20. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 30
  21. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  22. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 33–35
  23. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 42–47
  24. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 23
  25. ↑ http://www.zanikleobce.cz/index.php?detail=1448891
  26. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  27. ↑ http: //www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/index.php/gemeinden/pr/1684-ronsberg-ronsperg-boehmen
  28. ↑ http://www.czecot.de/touristenobjekt/4851_ronsperg-judischer-friedhof-pobezovice
  29. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 59
  30. ↑ http://www.osabraham.wz.cz/index.php?p=article&id=32-zidovsky-hrbitov
  31. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  32. ↑ http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/czech-republic/pobezovice.html
  33. ↑ http://www.zanikleobce.cz/index.php?detail=1448891
  34. ↑ http://www.hugogold.com/bohemia/ronsperg.pdf
  35. ↑ Ivana Žahourová: Mikve: fenomén židovské obřadnosti (rituální lázně v Čechách) , diploma thesis, Prague 2012, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Ethnology (Czech), p. 87, online: https://is.cuni.cz/webapps / zzp / detail / 108941 /
  36. ↑ http://www.zanikleobce.cz/index.php?detail=1448891
  37. ↑ http: //www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/index.php/gemeinden/pr/1684-ronsberg-ronsperg-boehmen
  38. ↑ PURGHART, František. Masarykova třída. Poběţovice: 1965, p. 169
  39. ↑ POLÁK ROKYCANA, Jaroslav. History of the Jews in Ronsperg in Bohemia. In GOLD, Hugo. The Jews and Jewish communities in Bohemia past and present. Brno / Praha: Jewish book and art publisher, 1934, p. 575
  40. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 49
  41. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 50
  42. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  43. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  44. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  45. ↑ http://www.zanikleobce.cz/index.php?detail=1448891
  46. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pamatky.kehilaprag.cz
  47. ↑ http: //www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/index.php/gemeinden/pr/1684-ronsberg-ronsperg-boehmen
  48. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), pp. 29, 30
  49. ↑ http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/czech-republic/pobezovice.html
  50. ↑ http: //www.jüdische-gemeinden.de/index.php/gemeinden/pr/1684-ronsberg-ronsperg-boehmen
  51. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated December 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.holocaust.cz
  52. ↑ Lazar Münz: Rabbi Eleazar, called Schemen Rokeach. A biography. , Trier, 1895, Verlag Sigmund Mayer, p. 55, 76-79 online: http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/freimann/content/titleinfo/5454818
  53. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 61
  54. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 61
  55. ↑ Chamer Zeitung, May 29, 2013, for download at http://www.pobezovice.cz/?module=dokument&action=display_dokument&id=6720
  56. ^ Franz Bauer: Ronsperg. In: Franz Liebl, Heimatkreis Bischofteinitz (Hrsg.): Our Heimatkreis Bischofteinitz. Brönner & Daentler, Eichstätt 1967, p. 228.
  57. ↑ Šárka Roldánová: Zaniklá židovská náboženská obec v Poběžovicích v letech 1850-1950 , 2011, Prague, Charles University, Faculty of Education, Bachelor thesis (Czech), p. 69