Krnov

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Krnov
Krnov coat of arms
Krnov (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Historical part of the country : Silesia
Region : Moravskoslezský kraj
District : Bruntál
Area : 4440 ha
Geographic location : 50 ° 5 '  N , 17 ° 42'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 5 '21 "  N , 17 ° 41' 54"  E
Height: 316  m nm
Residents : 23,397 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 120 61, 794 01
License plate : T
traffic
Railway connection: Olomouc – Opava východ ,
Krnov – Głuchołazy
structure
Status: city
Districts: 3
administration
Mayor : Tomas Hradil (as of 2019)
Address: Hlavní náměstí 92
79401 Krnov 1
Municipality number: 597520
Website : www.krnov.cz

Krnov (German Jägerndorf ) is located in the Czech part of Silesia and is the largest city in the Bruntál (Freudenthal) administrative district .

Geographical location

Jägerndorf northwest of Troppau and west of Ratibor on a map from 1910

The city is located in the Moravian-Silesian Region (Moravskoslezský kraj) on the border with Poland and at the confluence of the Opava ( Oppa ) and Opavice ( Goldoppa ) rivers on the Lower Jeseníky , at the foot of the Castle Hill ( Přední Cvilínský kopec , popularly Cvilín ). The city is located in the Zuckmanteler Bergland (Oppagebirge), its southern (Šelemburk (Schellenberg), Cvilín (Burgberg), Mariánské Pole (Marienfeld), airfield) and western urban area (Kostelec (Weisskirch), Ježník (Mösnig)) on the Niederen Gesenke and the southeastern Červený Dvůr (Red Building) on ​​the Leobschützer Loesshügelland . The trunk road 45 leads through the city to the border crossing to Poland and south to Bruntál ( Freudenthal ). The international Ostrau - Wroclaw railway also runs through Krnov.

Town hall and savings bank building
Main square with the parish church of St. Martin
Courtyard of the castle
Liechtenstein observatory on the Cvilín castle hill

structure

Krnov is divided into the three districts Krásné Loučky ( Schönwiese ), Pod Bezručovým vrchem ( Unter dem Hanselberg ) and Pod Cvilínem ( Unter dem Burgberg ) and at the same time into the three cadastral areas Krásné Loučky ( Schönwiese ), Krnov-Horní Předměstí ( Jägerndorf-Obervorstadt ), Krnov-Opavské Předměstí ( Jägerndorf-Troppauer Vorstadt ).

There is also the Katastralgemeinden Horni Předměstí ( upper suburb ), Hlubčické Předměstí ( Leobschützer suburb ) Opavské Předměstí (, Troppauer suburb ), Guntramovice ( Güntersdorf ) Chomýž ( Komeise ) Chařová ( Krotendorf ), Mariánské poles ( Marie field ), Ježník ( Mösnig ), Červený Dvůr ( Red Building ) and Kostelec ( White Church ).

history

Time of origin

The area was first settled in the Stone Age, around 3000 BC. Such a settlement was on the castle hill. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Bohemian dukes and kings called Germans into the country as farmers, miners, artisans, merchants and artists in order to allow them to develop and cultivate the outlying areas, which until then had been sparsely populated due to the Mongol raids. Jews and a few Wallachians also came to the country at that time. The first written mention of the place as Völkisch Kyrnow comes from a document from Wenzel I from 1240. The name Jegerdorf was used in 1253 in connection with the mention of the first Vogts Siegfried. The Latin name Carnovia can also be found in documents from the Middle Ages .

Around 1269 the hunting village belonging to the Moravian province of Opava came to the illegitimate son of the Bohemian king Ottokar II , Nicholas I of Opava , the founder of the Duchy of Opava . In 1273, the Minorite Order founded a monastery in Jägerndorf, which later developed into an important center of the order and spread far into Eastern Europe (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine). In 1281 the Teutonic Order also settled in Jägerndorf. It is not known when the town of Jägerndorf received its town charter, but it was confirmed in 1279 by the regent Kunigunde , the widow of the Bohemian king Ottokar II . The oldest city coat of arms dates from 1311 and shows three golden hunting horns and three silver stars on a blue background. At the beginning of the 14th century, the first handicraft businesses emerged that produced linen and cloth and thus established a tradition that was still going strong. For the first time in 1335 a lay judge was found in the city, which also had blood jurisdiction. With Peter Vogt, a mayor was mentioned for the first time in 1371. After the death of the Troppauer Přemyslid Nikolaus II. The Duchy of Troppau was in 1367 to his sons Přemysl I , Nikolaus III. , Wenzel I. and Johann I. split. Johann I received the Duchy of Ratibor as the sole heir , making him the progenitor of the Premyslid line of Opava-Ratibor. In 1377 the Duchy of Opava was divided again, with Johann I receiving the area of ​​Jägerndorf, which was elevated to the status of an independent Duchy of Jägerndorf and to which the Reign Freudenthal belonged. As a result, the owners changed frequently, several times associated with armed conflicts. In 1474 the city went up in flames.

Under the Hohenzollern

On May 14, 1523, Margrave Georg the Pious of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach acquired the Duchy of Jägerndorf from its previous owner, Duke Georg von Schellenberg, for 58,900 Hungarian guilders from the House of Hohenzollern . Georg soon introduced the Reformation and, among other things, secularized the Minorite monastery without encountering resistance from the population. However, he snubbed the resident Czech nobility by filling the important offices with Germans and repealing the Moravian land law. In addition to other fortifications for defense against the Turks, the margrave also had the city of Jägerndorf protected by a strong city wall and mighty city gates. Jägerndorf Castle was also included in the fortifications. The streets of the city were paved to improve hygienic conditions. When Margrave Georg expanded his power by acquiring further possessions in Silesia , he encountered resistance from the Habsburg rulers. So he could only enforce an unlimited right of inheritance for his successor for Jägerndorf. Under his son Georg Friedrich , who owned Jägerndorf from 1557 to 1603, the introduction of the Czech language in the judiciary in 1570 pacified the Czech aristocracy on an equal footing with the German. Between 1558 and 1564 the plague and numerous fires hit the city considerably. Since Georg Friedrich had no direct descendants, he bequeathed the Jägerndorfer Duchy to the Brandenburg Elector Joachim Friedrich . His son Johann Georg was commander-in-chief of the troops of the Palatinate "Winter King" Friedrich V , which is why his Bohemian possessions were confiscated by Emperor Ferdinand II after the Battle of the White Mountain . On March 15, 1623, the Emperor transferred the Duchy of Jägerndorf to his loyal supporter Karl I of Liechtenstein , who had owned the Duchy of Opava since 1613. He united the two duchies to form the Duchy of Troppau-Jägerndorf and carried out the re-Catholicization of the subjects. His descendants remained in possession of their Bohemian lands until they were expropriated in 1945.

The ruling dukes from the House of Hohenzollern were:

Austrian Silesia

In the Thirty Years War the Danes, Wallenstein and Swedes devastated and plundered the area one after the other . A major fire destroyed large parts of Jägerndorf in 1706, including the Minorite monastery. In 1740 the Prussian King Friedrich II invoked the old Hohenzollern rights to the Duchy of Jägerndorf and used this as an opportunity to conquer Silesia . After the preliminary peace in Breslau , which ended the First Silesian War in 1742 , the Duchy of Jägerndorf remained with Austria , but lost areas around Leobschütz and beyond the Oppa to Prussia. The town of Jägerndorf became a border town. During the War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778, the Prussians and Austrians took part in a skirmish near the town of Weißkirch.

With the establishment of the central administration for Austrian Silesia in Opava , Jägerndorf lost much of its importance from 1793. With the introduction of the Austrian constitution of 1849 the Duchy of Jägerndorf became extinct. In the middle of the 19th century, however, Jägerndorf developed into an important industrial center. This was facilitated by the construction of the Moravian-Silesian Central Railway , through which the city was connected to both Wroclaw and the northern Vienna – Krakow railway. In addition, the line crossed there with the Upper Silesian Railway with connections to Racibórz in Silesia and Olomouc in Moravia. The products of the 27 companies in the Jägerndorfer cloth industry were world-famous. The Rieger Orgelbau company also achieved world renown . There were also several machine factories, including a large loom and weaving machine plant.

Rudolf Heeger was a member of the Jägerndorf parliament in Prague

1918-1939

Establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War 1914–1918 was Czechoslovakia . They claimed the German-speaking areas of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia for themselves, although their residents pleaded for them to remain with German Austria (later Austria ). The Treaty of Saint Germain ruled in favor of Czechoslovakia. With the establishment of the Czechoslovak administration, the city received the official place name Krnov and became the administrative center of the district of the same name.

The Great Depression in the early 1930s led to the decline of numerous businesses in the city. On December 1, 1930, 23,464 inhabitants lived there, 90 percent of them German. As part of the implementation of the Munich Agreement , German troops occupied the city in October 1938. Jägerndorf became the seat of the district of the same name . This was subordinated to the newly formed Reichsgau Sudetenland in April 1939 and was there under the administrative district of Troppau . By the census on May 17, 1939, the population had increased to 25,522.

Synagogue (2018)

After the Jews were expelled from the Troppau-Jägerndorf area in the 16th century, 17 families had resettled in Jägerndorf by 1860, forming a cultural association that consisted of 55 families around 1870. After 1938 the Jewish community, which had around 600 members, was expropriated and some of them were deported to concentration camps. Among them were important personalities of the city such as the textile manufacturers Wilhelm and Jakob Bellak, the textile traders Geiringer and Schulhaber, the producer of the herbal liqueur grandfather Siegfried Gessler, the teacher at the Siegmund Langschur state secondary school, doctors and lawyers. Around 80 percent of them fell victim to the Holocaust , and a small number were able to flee. Transferring their property back after the war was extremely difficult. In the 2001 census, not a single inhabitant of Krnov claimed to be a member of the Jewish community.

End of World War II and after

In 1945, hunters village belonged to the district Jägerndorf in the administrative district of Opava in the Reich District of Sudetenland the German Reich . On May 6, 1945, two days before the end of World War II , the Red Army occupied Jägerndorf. After the end of the war, the city came back to Czechoslovakia. After the end of the war there were anti-German measures by national Czech militias and revolutionary guards. In June, a part of the German population was interned in three camps and the majority of them by the year 1946 after Germany reported . The city was mainly repopulated by Moravians, Slovak Sinti and Roma and civil war refugees from Greece .

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1834 05,456 (with the suburbs) residents are Catholic Germans
1900 14,623 German residents
1930 21,925 including 1,767 Czechs
1933 23,464 Municipal boundaries from 1939
1939 24,174 of which 2,290 Protestants, 21,133 Catholics, 141 other Christians and 33 Jews
Distribution of ethnic groups
census
Total population		 nationality
year German Czechs Poland Other
1880 11,800 - - - -
1910 15,647 15,390 247 10 -
1918 32,000 30,500 1,500 - 0
1921 21,129 18,635 -
1930 21,925 20,158 1,767 - 0
1939 24,174 - - - -

Economy and education

The company Krnovské opravny a strojírny (KOS) (see also Aliance TW ), which emerged from the railway repair shop of the Moravian-Silesian Central Railway , with around 600 employees, started producing trams after 2001, based on types from Tatra . Another company is the beverage manufacturer Santa nápoje, which produces Kofola among other things .

In Krnov there was a study center of the Silesian University of Opava , which was closed in 2016.

traffic

Departure of a train at the Krnov railway station

Krnov is located on the Opava-Olbersdorfer Reichsstraße (today I / 57), which leads from the Polish part of Silesia to Slovakia . To the north of the city is the Bartultovice border crossing . The road I / 45 leads through the city to Leobschütz .

The local bus service is operated by Veolia Transport Morava .

Krnov located on the railway 310 from Opava ( Opava ) to Olomouc ( Olomouc ) and the track 292 on Bad Ziegenhals ( Głuchołazy ) according Freiwaldau ( Jeseník ) . Until 1945 there was also a railway line to Leobschütz in Poland .

Attractions

Pilgrimage Church of the "Holy Mother of God in Sorrows"

Palaces and castles

Churches and synagogue

  • Heilig-Geist-Kirche, built in the 13th century, with infirmary, today an organ concert hall
  • Parish Church of St. Martin, built in the 13th century
  • Catholic rectory on Kirchplatz, built in 1910 by master builder Ernst Latzel
  • Minorite monastery with Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary from 1722 and chapel
  • Pilgrimage Church of the Holy Mother of God in Sorrows on Castle Hill, built in 1722
  • Cemetery Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross , built in the 15th century
  • Evangelical Church, built in 1903
  • Synagogue with double tower, built in 1871 as the largest synagogue in North Moravia, on the temple ring; Not destroyed in 1938, partially restored in 2005.
  • Jewish cemetery , since 1873

Towers

  • Liechtensteinwarte ( Cvilín ), striking observation tower with a side tower on the castle hill
  • Lookout on the Melzerberg near Mösnig, newly built by Franz Irblich's successor company

schools

  • Salvatorianer-Kolleg Klösterle , below the castle hill
  • Gymnasium, built in 1878
  • Former Kaiser-Franz-Josefs Jubilee School, built in 1909
  • Citizen school, built in 1883 by master builder Latzel
  • State technical school for weaving, built in 1877
  • Building the Czech school at the Grange Road, since 1919

Public buildings

  • Schützenhaus, built in 1907 according to plans by Leopold Bauer
  • City hall, built in 1903, added on by the Sparkasse from 1907. The city hall is identical to the city hall of the Vienna suburb of Währing , which was built in 1889–1891 and has been the district office of Vienna's 18th district since 1892 . It was designed by Moritz and Carl Hinträger in the style of the German Renaissance.
  • Hospital built in 1930
  • Gym, built in 1930 based on plans by Leopold Bauer
  • City Theatre

Villas

  • Palace Silesia of the textile merchant Geiringer & Reitler
  • Villa Bellak
  • Villa Steuer (textile manufacturer), now a museum
  • Villa Cerhak , now forest management
  • Villa Larisch, now a bank
  • Villa Gessler
  • Villa Florian Schmidt, now the city library
  • Villa Chlupacek
  • Villa Bloch (textile merchant)
  • Villa Flemmig (textile manufacturer)
  • Mösnig Forest Castle, formerly a hotel, built by Josef Irmler (today a lung sanatorium)
  • Workers' home = union building, today the "MÍR" cinema
  • Schulhaberhaus, Rathausplatz
  • Pavilion of the former ice rink
  • City wall (parts) called Sweden Wall , next to the grammar school - in the castle courtyard - on the east side of the Minorite monastery, next to the synagogue
  • Villa Kandler / Mükusch (art mill business)
  • Polyclinic, formerly a health insurance company

Monuments

Twin cities

Ansbach sponsored town

Ansbach in Bavaria has been the sponsor town for Jägerndorf since July 14, 1954 . The sponsorship arose from the old historical connection and from the efforts of Bavaria to integrate the Sudeten Germans economically, culturally and socially. In the “Jägerndorfer Heimatstuben” set up in Ansbach, exhibits from the history of the Duchy of Jägerndorf can be viewed in six rooms . The city archive is located in the cultural center of the city of Ansbach, in which the “Jägerndofer Heimatarchiv” is also classified.

Mayor of the city

  • 1850 to 1864 Franz Florian Göbel (1802–1873) MP
  • 1864 to 1872 Alois Larisch manufacturer of textiles, company founder
  • 1872 to 1879 Franz Goldemund
  • 1879 to 1882 Emil Hirsch
  • 1882 to 1885 Franz Goldemund
  • 1885 to 1900 Emil Hirsch
  • 1900 to 1903 Otto Rieger, jun. (1880–1920) organ builder
  • 1903 to 1919 Johann Kienel (1854–1945) manufacturer
  • 1919 to 1924 Johann Trenka
  • 1924 to 1934 Richard Andratschke (1873–1953)
  • 1934 to 1938 Ernst Richter
  • 1938 to 1940 Oskar König
  • 1940 to 1945 Otto Just
  • 1945 May / June Kurt Niessner, a German anti-fascist deployed by the Soviet military administration who has returned from abroad.
  • 1960? until 1970 Josef Bača
  • 1970 to 1981 František Ivánek
  • 1981 to 1990 Jaroslav Vrzal († 2008)
  • 1991 to 1998 Bedřich Marek
  • 1999 to 2006 Josef Hercig
  • 2007 to 2010 Renata Ramazanová
  • 2011 to 2014 Alena Krušinová
  • 2015 to 2018 Jana Koukolová-Petrová
  • from 2019 Tomas Hradil

Personalities

Honorary citizen of the city

  • Matthias Thiel, city chaplain; 1861
  • Carl Giskra (1820–1879), 1867–1870 Austrian Imperial and Royal Minister of the Interior; 1869
  • Ignaz von Plener (1810–1908), Austrian kk trade minister; 1869
  • Max Machanek, General Director of the Moravian-Silesian Central Railway; 1870
  • Josef Heinrich, pastor; 1872
  • Alexander Freiherr von Summer, President of the Austrian Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
  • Josef Wünsch, Real School Director, Chairman of the Beautification Association; 1895
  • Emil Hirsch, mayor for 18 years; Construction of water supply; 1900
  • Fanni Titze, innkeeper, benefactress; 1905
  • Johann Kienel (1854–1945), 16 years mayor, benefactor; 1914
  • Heinrich Graf Larisch von Moennich (1850–1918), Silesian governor; 1917
  • Richard Andratschke, City School Director, 10 years mayor; 1933
  • Rudolf Bastl von Bastlingen, senior councilor, district captain for 20 years (last German); 1934
  • Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937), first Czechoslovakian president; 1935; revoked in 1938
  • Anton Philieb, savior of the Burgbergkirche, grave of honor at the city cemetery
  • Gabriel Quesker, savior of the Burgbergkirche, grave of honor at the city cemetery
  • Herman Schmidt, savior of the Burgbergkirche, grave of honor at the city cemetery
  • Michael Weiss, savior of the Burgbergkirche, grave of honor at the city cemetery

sons and daughters of the town

Other personalities

literature

in order of appearance
  • Faustin Ens : The Oppaland, or the Troppauer Kreis, according to its historical, natural history, civil and local characteristics . Volume 4: Description of the locations of the principalities of Jägerndorf and Neisse, Austrian Antheils and the Moravian enclaves in the Troppauer district , Vienna 1837, pp. 43–51.
  • Karl August Müller: Patriotic images, or history and description of all castles and knight palaces in Silesia and the county of Glatz. Second edition, Glogau 1844, pp. 178-181.
  • Gottlieb Biermann : History of the Duchies of Troppau and Jägerndorf . Prochaska, Teschen 1874 ( e-copy )
  • Ernst Bednara : Jägerndorf. His name and the origins of the first citizens . In: Journal of the Association for the History of Silesia . Volume 74 (1940), pp. 95-107 and 348-349.
  • Heinrich Schulig: A home book for the districts Jägerndorf and Olbersdorf . Published by the Jägerndorfer District Teachers' Association. Adolf Drechsler, Troppau 1923.
  • Jiří Kejř: Počátky města Krnova . MNV, Krnov 1968.
  • Ladislav Zapletal, Vladimír Blucha : Krnov. History a geography města . Měst. NV, Krnov 1969.
  • Odila Hohn: Jägerndorf, Lobenstein, Braunsdorf in words and pictures . Burgberg-Verlag, Grettstadt 1981.
  • Ernst Kober: Jägerndorfer Ländchen. New episodes: 1951–1963 . Burgberg-Verlag, Grettstadt 1997 (= reprint of the supplements to the Jägerndorfer Heimatbrief ).
  • Jan Galgánek: Zelené město Krnov po deseti letech: zpráva o životním prostředí města Krnova . Iniciační skupina MA 21 Krnov, Krnov 2005.
  • Vladimír Blucha : Město mezi dvěma řekami: čtení o pozoruhodné historii města zvaného Kyrnow, Jegerdorf, Carnovia, Jägerndorf, Karniów, Krnov . Město Krnov, Krnov 2007.
  • Jaromír Balla: Krnov: v podhůří Jeseníků . Advertis, Krnov 2008.
  • Jaromír Balla: Brantická vrchovina. Krnov a okolí . Advertis, Krnov 2011.
  • Eva Marková, Renata Ramazanová, Martin Bodešínský: Krnov: průvodce městem . Město Krnov, Krnov 2014.
  • Christian Fastl: Jägerndorf. In: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon . Online edition, Vienna 2002 ff., ISBN 3-7001-3077-5 ; Print edition: Volume 2, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-7001-3044-9 .

Web links

Commons : Krnov  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Jägerndorff in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
  3. ↑ Gottlieb Biermann : History of the Duchies of Troppau and Jägerndorf . Prochaska, Teschen 1874, pp. 644-646.
  4. ^ History of the Jews in Jägerndorf
  5. ^ Wilhelm Turnwald: Documents on the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans . 1951, Jägerndorf: pp. 203, 269, 282, 341, 372, 505. & Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims Ed., Fritz Valjavec (material collection): The expulsion of the German population from Czechoslovakia. Volumes 4, 1 & 2 of documentation on the expulsion of Germans from East Central Europe. Bonn 1957; most recently Weltbild, Augsburg 1994 ISBN 3-89350-560-1 . For the character of the work see lemma of the ministry. About Jägerndorf Vol. 1: pp. 10, 15f, 19, 22f, 80, 90, 106, 110; Vol. 2: pp. 3ff, 214, 216, 219f, 222, 226, 363f, 366ff, 370f, 373, 455ff.
  6. ↑ Faustin Ens : The Oppaland or the Opava district, according to its historical, natural history, civic and local peculiarities . Volume 4: Description of the location of the principalities of Jägerndorf and Neisse, Austrian Antheils and the Moravian enclaves in the Troppauer district , Vienna 1837, p. 47.
  7. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 10, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 146.
  8. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Jägerndorf district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  9. ^ Ernst Pfohl: Ortlexikon Sudetenland Helmut Preißler Verlag-Nürnberg. 1987. ISBN 3-925362-47-9 .
  10. ↑ Österreichisches Musiklexikon, IKM, Department of Musicology, Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences: Musiklexikon. Retrieved July 30, 2016 .
  11. ^ Rudolf Hemmerle : Sudetenland Lexicon . Ed .: Adam Kraft Verlag. 2nd Edition. tape 4 , 1985, ISBN 3-8083-1163-0 , pp. 215 .
  12. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history. Retrieved July 29, 2016 .