Jampel Gyatsho

This article is about the Dalai Lama. For the Tsongkhapa disciple, see Togden Jampel Gyatsho ( rtogs ldan 'jam dpal rgya mtsho ; 1356–1428).

Tibetan name
Tibetan script : འཇམ་ དཔལ་ རྒྱ་ མཚོ
Wylie transliteration : 'jam dpal rgya mtsho
Pronunciation in IPA : [ tɕampeː catsʰɔ ]
Official transcription of the PRCh : Jambê Gyaco
THDL transcription : Jampé Gyatso
Other spellings: Jampel Gyatso, Jamphel Gyatso, Jampal Gyatso
Chinese name
Traditional : 強 白 嘉措
Simplified : 强 白 嘉措
Pinyin : Qiángbái Jiācuò

Jampel Gyatsho (born 1758 in Ngamring in Tsang ; died 1804 ) was the eighth Dalai Lama . He lived a secluded life and did not allow himself to be drawn into the political events of his time.

Life

The eighth Dalai Lama, Jampel Gyatsho was enthroned in the Potala in 1762 and got his name from Penchen Lobsang Pelden Yeshe (d. 1780). As before, the Penchen Lama took care of the child's education. At his suggestion, a monk was appointed as regent until he came of age. This “Demo Trülku ” officiated until 1777 and then Ngawang Tshälthrim , a former tutor of Emperor Qianlong until 1784. However, the real power lay with the Penchen Lama. There was peace in the country under his leadership. The Ambane , China's henchmen in Tibet, were not needed by either side.

After the death of the Penchen Lama on a trip to the imperial court in 1779/80 (he died of smallpox), the domestic political balance changed. In Shigatse , due to inheritance disputes, a conspiracy broke out by Shamarpa , a half-brother of the Penchen Lama, who finally called on the king of Nepal to help and thus plunged the country into two wars.

In the first war with Nepal in 1790, the Nepalese advanced successfully towards Lhasa and the two Ambane and an imperial general named Bazhong urged the Tibetans to sign a treaty so as not to have to justify themselves to the Emperor Qianlong. But the Dalai Lama did not recognize the treaty (Tibet should pay 50,000 rupees annually). When Tibet did not keep its promises, the Nepalese captured Shigatse in a second war in 1791 and plundered Trashilhünpo , and also abused a Chinese ambassador, which forced the emperor to intervene directly. A Chinese army came into the country, defeated the Nepalese in 1792 and was able to force them to give up all claims in negotiations. Shamarpa's body was handed over to the Chinese. The British (suspected in Beijing of instigating this war) were neutral.

Thereafter, Emperor Qianlong, who had lost his trust in the Dalai Lama's government, expanded his intervention in Tibet (1793). China's representative in Tibet, the Ambane, could now make decisions on all administrative matters, provided they received the approval of the Dalai and Penchen Lama. All important matters now ran through her, regardless of the law, tax and finance, trade, military, foreign relations or postings. He also modified the rules of the game for finding the rebirths of the Dalai and Penchen Lama ( golden urn ) and justified this with the tendency to find rebirths in well-to-do families, and especially with the unworthy behavior of the Shamarpa.

During the time of the eighth Dalai Lama, Norbulingka Park was built, which became a summer residence (around 1783).

Remarks

1. ↑ He is also known as the "Living Buddha" demo (Danggyilin).
2. ↑ The "Living Buddha" Cemolin , abbot of Yonghegong Monastery. He was recalled to Beijing in 1786 and died in 1791.
3. ↑ At that time, under the authoritarian government of the Gurkha king, Nepal recorded both a kind of Hindu nationalism and an increase in trading activities. Both brought it into conflict with Tibet. King Prithivi Narayan (ruled 1769–1775) already demanded an entry ban for foreigners from Tibet in order to eliminate competition. In addition, the Tibetan merchants should accept coins with his image, which they did not. Finally, there was also a dispute over import taxes and the quality of salt.
4. ↑ Russia and Great Britain steadily increased their influence in Asia in the second half of the 18th century. In 1774/5 the British Governor General of India , Warren Hastings, sent a representative to Trashilhünpo after the Penchen Lama had consulted him about the fate of the Kingdom of Bhutan . The contacts seemed to be mutually beneficial, since the Penchen Lama died on the journey to the imperial court.

literature

• Günther Schulemann : History of the Dalai Lamas. Harrassowitz, Leipzig 1958.
• Roland Barraux: The History of the Dalai Lamas. Divine compassion and earthly politics. Walter, Solothurn u. a. 1995, ISBN 3-530-50001-1 .
• Karl-Heinz Golzio, Pietro Bandini: The fourteen rebirths of the Dalai Lama. The rulers of Tibet - how they come back, how they are found, what they have left behind . OW Barth u. a., Bern / Munich / Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-502-61002-9 .
• Andreas Gruschke : Dalai Lama (= Diederichs compact. ). Hugendubel, Kreuzlingen / Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7205-2461-2 .
• Chenqing Ying: Tibetan History (= Series of Basic Information of Tibet of China ). China Intercontinental Press, Beijing 2003, ISBN 7-5085-0234-5 (In German: History of Tibet (= facts about Tibet of China ). Ibid 2004, ISBN 7-5085-0436-4 ).
• Martin Brauen (Ed.): The Dalai Lamas. Tibet's reincarnations of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. Arnold, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-89790-219-2 .

Web links

Commons : Jampel Gyatsho  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• 'jam dpal rgya mtsho

Jampel Gyatsho (alternative names of the lemma)
Jampé Gyatso, Jampel Gyatso, Jamphel Gyatso, Jampal Gyatso, chin .: 強 白 嘉措, Qiángbái Jiācuò