Golden urn

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Golden urn refers to two urn-shaped vessels that have been used since 1792 for a lottery to determine the reincarnations of great masters in Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism . Great masters reincarnate in new (human) bodies according to the relevant doctrines. After her death, a child is therefore sought who represents her reincarnation. It is possible that several possible candidates are shortlisted. The solemn ceremony of drawing lots from the golden urn ( Chinese 金瓶掣签 , Pinyin jīnpíng chèqiān ; Tib. Gser bum skrug pa ), accompanied by many prayers , determines the correct reincarnation from several (often three) candidates.  

Traditionally, the reincarnations were found without such an oracle . The procedure, which was first introduced by Imperial China, affects the highest-ranking masters, including the Changtscha Hutuktu , Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu , Dalai Lama and Penchen Lama . In Tibetan the reincarnation of these masters is called Trülku , in Mongolian it is called Qutuqtu. They are sometimes called "living Buddhas" inaccurately using the Chinese term huofo .

The golden urns are 34 cm high and are decorated with lotus petals , ruyi and branch designs. They are provided with a colored brocade coverlet and five ivory sticks each .

Background and procedure

In the imperial palace it was suspected that the finding ritual of the great incarnations, especially the Dalai Lama and the Penchen Lama, was threatened by abuse by Mongolian and Tibetan aristocrats . To such abuse to prevent certain Qing - Government on the 57th year of the era Qianlong (1792) to set up two golden urns: one in Beijing Lama Temple ( Yonghe gong ), the other in the Jokhang Monastery in Lhasa .

When determining the reincarnations in both the Yonghe Temple and the Jokhang Monastery, the “ soul child ”, whose name was written on one of the five ticket sticks, had to be determined by drawing the ticket from the urn. The process was overseen by the shangshu officer from Lifanyuan (Ministry of Minority Affairs) or the High Commissioner stationed in Tibet . Article 1 of the Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng deals with the lottery procedure with the golden urn:

„ 關於 尋找 活佛 及 呼圖克圖 的 靈 童 問題 ， 依照 藏人 例 俗 ， 確認 靈 童 必 問 卜 於 四大 護法 ， ， 這樣 就 難免 發生 弊端 弊端。 大 皇帝 為 求 黃 教 得到 興隆 ， 特賜 一 金 瓶 ， 今後 遇到尋 認 靈 童 時 ， 邀集 四大 護法 ， 將 靈 童 的 名字 及 出生年月 ， 用 滿 漢藏 三種 文字 寫 ​​寫 於 籤 牌 上 ， 放進 放進 瓶內 ， 選派 真正 有 學問 的 活佛 ， 祈禱 七日 ， 然後 由各呼圖克圖 和 駐藏 大臣 在 大昭寺 釋迦 佛像 前 正式 認定。 假若 找到 的 靈 童 僅只 一名 ， 亦須 將 一個 有 有 靈 童 童 名字 的 籤 牌 ， 和 一個 沒有 名字 的 籤 牌 ， 共同 放進 瓶內 ，假若 抽出 沒有 名字 的 籤 牌 ， 就 不能 認定 已 尋 得 的 兒童 ， 而 要 另外 尋找。 達賴喇嘛 和 和 班禪 額 爾德尼 像 像 一樣 一樣 ， 認定 他們 的 靈 童 時 ， 亦須 將 他們 的 名字 用 滿漢藏 三種 文字 寫 ​​在 籤 牌 上 ， 同樣 進行 ， 這些 都是 大 皇帝 為了 黃 教 的 興隆 ， 和 不 使 護法 弄假 弄假 作弊。 這個 金 金 瓶 常 放在 宗喀巴 佛像 前 ， 需要 保護 淨潔 ， 並 進行 供養。 "

"As far as the search for the soul child ( lingtong ) of the living Buddhas ( huofo ) and Hotogtus ( hutuketu ) is concerned, the customs and traditions of the Tibetans require that the four great religious protectors ( hufa of the four monasteries, Nechung Monastery , Lamo Monastery , Gadong- Monastery and Samye monastery ). Grievances are so inevitable. In order to help the yellow hat sect to flourish, the Great Emperor sends a gold urn ( jinping ) and determines the processes of future reincarnations: the four great religious protectors are invited to determine the reincarnation. They are to place the ivory-free ( qianpan ) with the names and dates of birth of the candidates in Manchurian , Chinese and Tibetan script in the golden urn, select highly educated living Buddhas ( huofo ) for the seven-day prayer and the soul child under the supervision of all hotogtus and high commissioners ( zhu Zang dachen ) in Tibet in front of the Sakyamuni statue in the Jokhang monastery by drawing a lot from the golden urn. If there is only one candidate, an ivory lot with his name in Manchurian, Chinese and Tibetan script and an ivory lot without a name should be placed in the golden urn. If one draws the ivory without a name, the soul child cannot be determined and one should look further. The Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni also have to place ivory lots with the names of the candidates in Manchurian, Chinese and Tibetan script in the golden urn when determining their soul child, as if they were father and son. In this way, the Great Emperor wants to help the Yellow Hats sect rise and prevent fraud and cheating by the religious protectors. The golden urn is placed in front of Tsongkapa's statue . It should be constantly cleansed and sacrifices should be made regularly. "

List of masters chosen by drawing lots from the Golden Urn

From the time of the Qing dynasty to the time of the Republic of China , thirty-nine reincarnation systems for “living Buddhas” from the three schools of Gelug , Kagyu and Nyingma became more than seventy trulkus on the procedure of drawing lots from the golden urn determined. After the founding of the People's Republic of China , the central government followed this ritual, on November 29, 1995 the 11th Panchen Erdeni (* 1990) was drawn from the golden urn as the soul child of the reincarnation of the 10th in front of the Shakyamuni image of the Jokhang monastery in Lhasa Panchen Erdini (1938–1989) determined. As the 11th Panchen Erdini in the Trashilhünpo monastery, he was awarded the gold-plated certificate of appointment and the gold seal by representatives of the Chinese State Council .

The following list is not a complete selection:

title Surname Lifetime Others
10th Dalai Lama Tshulthrim Gyatsho 1816-1837
11th Dalai Lama Khedrub Gyatsho 1838-1856
12th Dalai Lama Thrinle Gyatsho 1856-1875
8. Panchen Erdeni Tenpe Wangchug 1854 / 1855-1882
11. Panchen Erdeni Gyeltshen Norbu 1990–
8. Pagbalha Hutugtu Lobsang Jigme Pelden Tenpe Nyima 1795-1847
9. Pagbalha Hutugtu Khedrub Ngawang Lobsang Jigme Tenpe Gyeltshen 1849-1900
10. Pagbalha Hutugtu Lobsang Thubten Mipham Tshälthrim Gyeltshen 1901-1937
4. Tatsak Hutuktu Ngawang Lobsang Tenpe Gyeltshen 1811-1854
6. Tatsak Hutuktu Ngawang Thubten Kelsang Drönme 1888-1918
7. Dagyab Hutuktu
8. Dagyab Hutuktu
9. Dagyab Hutuktu
4. Riboche Phagchog Hutuktu
5. Riboche Phagchog Hutuktu
8. Hutuktu demo (chin.) Awang Luobu Zangji Meijia Mucuo 1820-1855

See also

literature

Chinese literature

  • Thuga (or Tuga) 土 呷 (Tibetan): " Changdu Qingdai de si da Hutuketu 昌都 清代 的 四大 呼图克图 " (The four great Kuutuktus of the Qing Dynasty in Qamdo), Zhongguo zangxue 中国 藏 学 (China Tibetology ) 2001 (4), pp. 39–51 ( web )
  • Liao Zugui 廖祖桂 , Li Yongchang 李永昌 , Li Pengnian 李鹏 年 : "Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng ershi jiutiao" banben kaolüe 《钦 定 藏 内 善后 章程 二 十九 条》 版本 考 略 . Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe, 2006 ("Xizang tongshi" zhuanti yanjiu congkan 《西藏 通史》 专题 研究 丛刊 ); No. 4; ISBN 7-80057-680-9
  • Qingchao zhi Zang xingzheng fagui , Wuzhou chuanbu chubanshe
  • Ya Hanzhang 牙 含 章 : Dalai lama zhuan 达赖喇嘛 传 . Beijing: Renmin chubanshe 1984

reference books

Web links

Chinese web links

Wikisource: Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng  - Sources and full texts (Chinese)
Wikisource: Lama zhuanshi banfa  - Sources and full texts (Chinese)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Xizang difang xilie huace (De) (found on November 4, 2009)
  2. ↑ Cihai , p. 838.
  3. ↑ Chinese  靈 童  /  灵 童 , Pinyin língtóng or 轉世 靈 童  /  转世 灵 童 , zhuǎnshì língtóng
  4. ↑ Chinese  尚書  /  尚书 , Pinyin shàngshū
  5. ↑ zhù Zàng dàchén
  6. ↑ Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng . 1st article ( translated into Chinese in the 1950s from the original Tibetan manuscript from Trashilhünpo Monastery ; Wikisource )
  7. ↑ cit. Translation (slightly modified or wikified, details in brackets have been added) from: 29 articles of the Imperial Regulations on the Treatment of the Aftermath of the Armed Incident in Tibet ( Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng ershi jiutiao ), 1st article, High Commissioners in Tibet and the 29th Article of the imperial regulations on dealing with the aftermath of the armed conflict in Tibet ( memento of the original from March 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - tibetreisen.com (found on November 4, 2009); see. Xizang de gushi (De) . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tibetreisen.com
  8. ↑

    " 自 清 王朝 至 民国 的 ２００ 多年 间 ， 仅 西藏 一 地 ， 就有 格鲁 、 噶 举 举 、 宁玛 三 派 的 39 个 活佛 转世 系统 70 余 名 活佛 通过 金瓶掣签 认定。 "

    xzly.org  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Jinping Cheqian ; Retrieved November 4, 2009 @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.xzly.org  

  9. ↑ china-guide.de ( Memento of October 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ): The system of reincarnation of the living Buddhas; accessed November 4, 2009; see. germancn.com
  10. ↑ Information partly based on Chinese or based on Chinese
  11. ↑ Recognized by the Chinese government
  12. ↑ 类 乌齐帕 曲 呼图克图 of the Riboche Monastery ( Chinese  类乌齐 寺 , Pinyin Leiwuqi si )
  13. ↑ 阿旺 罗布 藏 济 美 嘉穆 措