Golden urn
Golden urn refers to two urn-shaped vessels that have been used since 1792 for a lottery to determine the reincarnations of great masters in Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism . Great masters reincarnate in new (human) bodies according to the relevant doctrines. After her death, a child is therefore sought who represents her reincarnation. It is possible that several possible candidates are shortlisted. The solemn ceremony of drawing lots from the golden urn ( Chinese 金瓶掣签 , Pinyin jīnpíng chèqiān ; Tib. Gser bum skrug pa ), accompanied by many prayers , determines the correct reincarnation from several (often three) candidates.
Traditionally, the reincarnations were found without such an oracle . The procedure, which was first introduced by Imperial China, affects the highest-ranking masters, including the Changtscha Hutuktu , Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu , Dalai Lama and Penchen Lama . In Tibetan the reincarnation of these masters is called Trülku , in Mongolian it is called Qutuqtu. They are sometimes called "living Buddhas" inaccurately using the Chinese term huofo .
The golden urns are 34 cm high and are decorated with lotus petals , ruyi and branch designs. They are provided with a colored brocade coverlet and five ivory sticks each .
Background and procedure
In the imperial palace it was suspected that the finding ritual of the great incarnations, especially the Dalai Lama and the Penchen Lama, was threatened by abuse by Mongolian and Tibetan aristocrats . To such abuse to prevent certain Qing - Government on the 57th year of the era Qianlong (1792) to set up two golden urns: one in Beijing Lama Temple ( Yonghe gong ), the other in the Jokhang Monastery in Lhasa .
When determining the reincarnations in both the Yonghe Temple and the Jokhang Monastery, the “ soul child ”, whose name was written on one of the five ticket sticks, had to be determined by drawing the ticket from the urn. The process was overseen by the shangshu officer from Lifanyuan (Ministry of Minority Affairs) or the High Commissioner stationed in Tibet . Article 1 of the Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng deals with the lottery procedure with the golden urn:
„ 關於 尋找 活佛 及 呼圖克圖 的 靈 童 問題 , 依照 藏人 例 俗 , 確認 靈 童 必 問 卜 於 四大 護法 , , 這樣 就 難免 發生 弊端 弊端。 大 皇帝 為 求 黃 教 得到 興隆 , 特賜 一 金 瓶 , 今後 遇到尋 認 靈 童 時 , 邀集 四大 護法 , 將 靈 童 的 名字 及 出生年月 , 用 滿 漢藏 三種 文字 寫 寫 於 籤 牌 上 , 放進 放進 瓶內 , 選派 真正 有 學問 的 活佛 , 祈禱 七日 , 然後 由各呼圖克圖 和 駐藏 大臣 在 大昭寺 釋迦 佛像 前 正式 認定。 假若 找到 的 靈 童 僅只 一名 , 亦須 將 一個 有 有 靈 童 童 名字 的 籤 牌 , 和 一個 沒有 名字 的 籤 牌 , 共同 放進 瓶內 ,假若 抽出 沒有 名字 的 籤 牌 , 就 不能 認定 已 尋 得 的 兒童 , 而 要 另外 尋找。 達賴喇嘛 和 和 班禪 額 爾德尼 像 像 一樣 一樣 , 認定 他們 的 靈 童 時 , 亦須 將 他們 的 名字 用 滿漢藏 三種 文字 寫 在 籤 牌 上 , 同樣 進行 , 這些 都是 大 皇帝 為了 黃 教 的 興隆 , 和 不 使 護法 弄假 弄假 作弊。 這個 金 金 瓶 常 放在 宗喀巴 佛像 前 , 需要 保護 淨潔 , 並 進行 供養。 "
"As far as the search for the soul child ( lingtong ) of the living Buddhas ( huofo ) and Hotogtus ( hutuketu ) is concerned, the customs and traditions of the Tibetans require that the four great religious protectors ( hufa of the four monasteries, Nechung Monastery , Lamo Monastery , Gadong- Monastery and Samye monastery ). Grievances are so inevitable. In order to help the yellow hat sect to flourish, the Great Emperor sends a gold urn ( jinping ) and determines the processes of future reincarnations: the four great religious protectors are invited to determine the reincarnation. They are to place the ivory-free ( qianpan ) with the names and dates of birth of the candidates in Manchurian , Chinese and Tibetan script in the golden urn, select highly educated living Buddhas ( huofo ) for the seven-day prayer and the soul child under the supervision of all hotogtus and high commissioners ( zhu Zang dachen ) in Tibet in front of the Sakyamuni statue in the Jokhang monastery by drawing a lot from the golden urn. If there is only one candidate, an ivory lot with his name in Manchurian, Chinese and Tibetan script and an ivory lot without a name should be placed in the golden urn. If one draws the ivory without a name, the soul child cannot be determined and one should look further. The Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni also have to place ivory lots with the names of the candidates in Manchurian, Chinese and Tibetan script in the golden urn when determining their soul child, as if they were father and son. In this way, the Great Emperor wants to help the Yellow Hats sect rise and prevent fraud and cheating by the religious protectors. The golden urn is placed in front of Tsongkapa's statue . It should be constantly cleansed and sacrifices should be made regularly. "
List of masters chosen by drawing lots from the Golden Urn
From the time of the Qing dynasty to the time of the Republic of China , thirty-nine reincarnation systems for “living Buddhas” from the three schools of Gelug , Kagyu and Nyingma became more than seventy trulkus on the procedure of drawing lots from the golden urn determined. After the founding of the People's Republic of China , the central government followed this ritual, on November 29, 1995 the 11th Panchen Erdeni (* 1990) was drawn from the golden urn as the soul child of the reincarnation of the 10th in front of the Shakyamuni image of the Jokhang monastery in Lhasa Panchen Erdini (1938–1989) determined. As the 11th Panchen Erdini in the Trashilhünpo monastery, he was awarded the gold-plated certificate of appointment and the gold seal by representatives of the Chinese State Council .
The following list is not a complete selection:
title | Surname | Lifetime | Others |
---|---|---|---|
10th Dalai Lama | Tshulthrim Gyatsho | 1816-1837 | |
11th Dalai Lama | Khedrub Gyatsho | 1838-1856 | |
12th Dalai Lama | Thrinle Gyatsho | 1856-1875 | |
8. Panchen Erdeni | Tenpe Wangchug | 1854 / 1855-1882 | |
11. Panchen Erdeni | Gyeltshen Norbu | 1990– | |
8. Pagbalha Hutugtu | Lobsang Jigme Pelden Tenpe Nyima | 1795-1847 | |
9. Pagbalha Hutugtu | Khedrub Ngawang Lobsang Jigme Tenpe Gyeltshen | 1849-1900 | |
10. Pagbalha Hutugtu | Lobsang Thubten Mipham Tshälthrim Gyeltshen | 1901-1937 | |
4. Tatsak Hutuktu | Ngawang Lobsang Tenpe Gyeltshen | 1811-1854 | |
6. Tatsak Hutuktu | Ngawang Thubten Kelsang Drönme | 1888-1918 | |
7. Dagyab Hutuktu | |||
8. Dagyab Hutuktu | |||
9. Dagyab Hutuktu | |||
4. Riboche Phagchog Hutuktu | |||
5. Riboche Phagchog Hutuktu | |||
8. Hutuktu demo | (chin.) Awang Luobu Zangji Meijia Mucuo | 1820-1855 |
See also
literature
- Martin Slobodník: " Old wine in new hoses . (PDF; 147 kB) In: China heute , XXVI (2007), N.6 (154), pp. 226–229 (china-zentrum.de)
- M. Slobodník: Tibetan Buddhist Reincarnations and the Chinese State: Past and Present . (torchinov.ru)
- Administrative measures for the reincarnation of living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism (PDF; 107 kB) In: China heute , XXVI (2007), No. 6 (154), p. 220 f. (Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, translator) (china-zentrum.de) ( Zangchuan fojiao huofo zhuanshi guanli banfa . Dt.)
- Thomas Heberer : Beijing issues the “Administrative Method for the Reincarnation of a Living Buddha in Tibetan Buddhism” analysis against the general background of the Tibet issue . (PDF; 1.5 MB) In: Zeitschrift für Chinesisches Recht , 2008, Issue 1, pp. 1–9 (and trans. Pp. 27 ff.)
- Paul Hyer, Sechin Jagchid: A Mongolian living Buddha: biography of the Kanjurwa Khutughtu .
- Zhang Xiaoming: Stories about Tibet ( Xizang de gushi (De) ) (German)
- How is the problem of the relationship between religions and socialism to be solved? - Interview with Yi Xiaowen, director of the National Bureau of Religious Affairs . (PDF; 193 kB) In: China heute XXVII (2008), No. 4–5 (158–159) - china-zentrum.de
- Wang Jiawei, Nyima Gyaincain: Historical Coordinates of China Tibet ( Zhongguo Xizang de lishi diwei (De) ) China Intercontinental Press
Chinese literature
- Thuga (or Tuga) 土 呷 (Tibetan): " Changdu Qingdai de si da Hutuketu 昌都 清代 的 四大 呼图克图 " (The four great Kuutuktus of the Qing Dynasty in Qamdo), Zhongguo zangxue 中国 藏 学 (China Tibetology ) 2001 (4), pp. 39–51 ( web )
- Liao Zugui 廖祖桂 , Li Yongchang 李永昌 , Li Pengnian 李鹏 年 : "Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng ershi jiutiao" banben kaolüe 《钦 定 藏 内 善后 章程 二 十九 条》 版本 考 略 . Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe, 2006 ("Xizang tongshi" zhuanti yanjiu congkan 《西藏 通史》 专题 研究 丛刊 ); No. 4; ISBN 7-80057-680-9
- Qingchao zhi Zang xingzheng fagui , Wuzhou chuanbu chubanshe
- Ya Hanzhang 牙 含 章 : Dalai lama zhuan 达赖喇嘛 传 . Beijing: Renmin chubanshe 1984
reference books
- Cihai ("Sea of Words"), Shanghai cishu chubanshe, Shanghai 2002, ISBN 7-5326-0839-5
Web links
- The system of reincarnation of the living Buddhas
- What does the reincarnation of the Living Buddha mean in Tibetan Buddhism?
- Governmental Organization of Old Tibet - English
- Piercing one's shield with one's own spear. (1) About the 'Management Measures for the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas in Tibetan Buddhism'
- China's human rights abuses in Tibet
- Violation of religious rituals
- Analysis of the reincarnation ordinance for living Buddhas
- Jokhang monastery
- Reincarnation System - English
- Drawing Lots from the Golden Urn - English
Chinese web links
- Ni zhidao shenme shi jinping chejian? (Photo with the ivoryless ) , Jinping cheqian (PDF) zhu Zang dachen yu Ershijiu tiao Qinding shan nei zhangcheng , Jinping zhijin zhidu de youlai , Jinpin qiancha , Jinping cheqian zhidu
Individual evidence
- ↑ Xizang difang xilie huace (De) (found on November 4, 2009)
- ↑ Cihai , p. 838.
- ↑ Chinese 靈 童 / 灵 童 , Pinyin língtóng or 轉世 靈 童 / 转世 灵 童 , zhuǎnshì língtóng
- ↑ Chinese 尚書 / 尚书 , Pinyin shàngshū
- ↑ zhù Zàng dàchén
- ↑ Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng . 1st article ( translated into Chinese in the 1950s from the original Tibetan manuscript from Trashilhünpo Monastery ; Wikisource )
- ↑ cit. Translation (slightly modified or wikified, details in brackets have been added) from: 29 articles of the Imperial Regulations on the Treatment of the Aftermath of the Armed Incident in Tibet ( Qinding Zang nei shanhou zhangcheng ershi jiutiao ), 1st article, High Commissioners in Tibet and the 29th Article of the imperial regulations on dealing with the aftermath of the armed conflict in Tibet ( memento of the original from March 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - tibetreisen.com (found on November 4, 2009); see. Xizang de gushi (De) .
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↑
" 自 清 王朝 至 民国 的 200 多年 间 , 仅 西藏 一 地 , 就有 格鲁 、 噶 举 举 、 宁玛 三 派 的 39 个 活佛 转世 系统 70 余 名 活佛 通过 金瓶掣签 认定。 "
xzly.org ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : Jinping Cheqian ; Retrieved November 4, 2009
- ↑ china-guide.de ( Memento of October 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ): The system of reincarnation of the living Buddhas; accessed November 4, 2009; see. germancn.com
- ↑ Information partly based on Chinese or based on Chinese
- ↑ Recognized by the Chinese government
- ↑ 类 乌齐帕 曲 呼图克图 of the Riboche Monastery ( Chinese 类乌齐 寺 , Pinyin Leiwuqi si )
- ↑ 阿旺 罗布 藏 济 美 嘉穆 措