Joseph Marie Degérando

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Joseph Marie Degérando

Joseph Marie Degérando , from 1811 Joseph Marie, baron de Gérando (born February 29, 1772 in Lyon , † November 10, 1842 in Paris ) was a French high administrative official and philosophical writer .

Life

Joseph Marie Degérando was the son of Antoine de Gérando (1739–1785) of Italian descent, a landowner and famous architect in Lyon. His mother was Marie Biclet. His brother, Antoine de Gérando, was a civil servant in the Cour des Monnaies in Lyon. The parents were socially respected, the mother was portrayed in 1778 by the painter Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun ("Mme Dégeraudot").

Joseph Marie grew up in Lyon and also studied there. In 1793 he took part in the defense of the city ostracized by its monarchist attitude against the army of the National Convention , was captured and sentenced to death. However, he was able to flee to Naples via Switzerland. In 1796 Degérando returned to Lyon and went to Paris with his friend Camille Jordan . After the coup d'état of the 18th Fructidor V he helped Jordan escape to Germany and joined André Masséna's army as a soldier at the end of 1797 . During this time he submitted his first philosophical treatise to the Académie française . Her success made him known to a wider public and, under Lucien Bonaparte, adviser to the Interior Ministry. In 1805 he traveled to Napoléon Bonaparte's coronation in Milan as maître des requêtes of the French Conseil d'État (Council of State). In 1808 he became a member of the Administrative Commission of Tuscany , then in 1810 a member of the Administrative Commission for the secular papal state (the États romains ).

In 1811 he was promoted to Conseiller d'État, and on March 17, 1811, he was promoted to Baron de l'Empire . In 1812 he was appointed director of the Upper Catalonia region and officer of the Legion of Honor .

In the first Restoration he remained in the Council of State, but during the reign of the Hundred Days he was expelled from this body by Napoléon because he had refused in March 1815 to sign an address of allegiance from the Council of State to Napoléon. After the second restoration, he was reinstated in his office as Council of State and subsequently took on various administrative functions geared towards social and economic policy.

Further honors followed: in 1820 he was appointed commander of the Legion of Honor, in 1832 accepted into two academies of the Institut de France (the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres ) and on October 3, 1837, Peer of France raised.

In 1807 he was elected a foreign member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences . Since 1808 he was a foreign member of the Bavarian and since 1812 a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences .

plant

Degérando's first philosophical treatise Quelle a été l'influence des signes sur la formation de la pensée was awarded a prize by the Académie française in 1799. He expanded it in several steps to his Histoire comparée des systèmes de philosophie relativement aux principes des connaissances humaines , which was considered the best French work on the history of philosophy in the 19th century. With his philosophical approach he influenced Henry David Thoreau , Margaret Fuller and especially Ralph Waldo Emerson , who used Degérando's mental structure extensively to support the theses in his first book "Nature" (1836).

In addition to philosophy, Degérando dealt in several writings with poor relief , public welfare and education. His De la bienfaisance publique is a comprehensive presentation of the poor system of his time.

His Considérations sur les diverses méthodes à suivre dans l'observation des peuples sauvages from 1800 are an early work on methods of ethnology .

Works

Philosophy / history of philosophy

Relief for the poor / education

  • Le Visiteur du pauvre, mémoire qui a remporté le prix proposé par l'Académie de Lyon sur la question suivante: “Indiquer le moyen de reconnaître la véritable indigence, et de rendre l'aumône utile à ceux qui la donnent comme à ceux qui la reçoivent ” , Paris 1820, 3rd edition 1826, new edition: Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1989. ISBN 9782858931361  ; German from Schelle, Quedlinburg 1831
  • Education des sourds-muets de naissance , Pairs 1827, 2 vols. (  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ))@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / gallica.bnf.fr
  • Du perfectionnement moral, ou de l'éducation de soi-même , Paris 1825, 2 vol .; German from Schelle, Halle 1829, 2 vols.
  • Cours normal des instituteurs primaires, ou Directions relatives à l'éducation physique, morale et intellectuelle dans les écoles primaires , Paris 1832
  • De la bienfaisance publique , Paris 1839, 4 vols.

Others

  • Considérations sur les diverses méthodes à suivre dans l'observation des peuples sauvages [28 fructidor an VIII.], 1800 ( excerpt in English translation ( Memento of July 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive )), German "Considerations on the various methods of Observation of the Wild Peoples "in: Moravia 1989: 219-252
  • Institutions du droit administratif , Paris 1829, 2 vol .; 2nd edition Paris (completed by Joseph Boulatignier and Charles Blanche), 1842–45, 5 vols.

literature

  • A. Robert, G. Cougny: Dictionnaire des parlementaires français. Paris 1889-1891.
  • Wilhelm Köster: Joseph Marie Degérando as a philosopher. Dissertation. University of Freiburg 1931. Schöningh, Paderborn 1933 ( Historical research on modern philosophy. Volume 2).
  • Georges Berlia: Gérando, sa vie, son œuvre. Paris 1942.
  • Winfried Busse, Jürgen Trabant (ed.): Les Idéologues. Sémiotique, théories et politiques linguistiques endant la Révolution française: proceedings of the Conference held at Berlin, October 1983. Benjamin, Amsterdam, Philadelphia 1986.
  • Sergio Moravia : Observing Reason. Philosophy and Anthropology of the Enlightenment. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1989.
  • Jean Copans , Jean Jamin : Aux origines de l'anthropologie française. Le Sycomore, Paris 1978. New edition: Place, Paris 1994.
  • Jean-Luc Chappey, La Société des observateurs de l'homme, 1799-1804. The anthropologues au temps de Bonaparte. Société des études robespierristes, Paris 2002, ISBN 2908327457 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The small encyclopedia , Encyclios-Verlag, Zurich, 1950, volume 1, page 342
  2. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 66.
  3. ^ Members of the previous academies. Joseph Marie Baron de Gérando. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences , accessed on March 28, 2015 .
personal data
SURNAME Degérando, Joseph Marie
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gérando, Joseph Marie baron de (from 1811)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French high administrator and philosophical writer
DATE OF BIRTH February 29, 1772
PLACE OF BIRTH Lyon
DATE OF DEATH November 10, 1842
Place of death Paris