Yugoslavs

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Yugoslavs (literal translation: South Slavs ) is an unclear term that has changed over the course of the history of the 20th century to denote population groups in the former Yugoslavia .

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugoslavia

In the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , the official line was that Serbs , Croats and Slovenes form a single three-woman people or are one people. In the first Yugoslav census of 1921, no question was asked about nationality, but only asked about mother tongue ( Serbo-Croatian or Slovenian ) and religious affiliation. After the state was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia under the royal dictatorship in 1929, the name Yugoslavs was officially introduced for the three-married people . The 1931 Yugoslav census included a question about nationality, distinguishing only between Yugoslavs and various non-South Slav national minorities.

FVR Yugoslavia / SFR Yugoslavia

The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia officially abandoned the concept of a unified Yugoslav people through various influences with its constitution of 1946 and finally spoke of Serbs , Croats , Slovenes , Macedonians and Montenegrins as the five peoples of Yugoslavia . The proposal to recognize the Bosniaks as the sixth people of Yugoslavia was rejected at the time. The centuries-long struggle for independence and for the desired unification of all South Slavic peoples in one ethnic group revealed the differences again.

In the Yugoslav census of 1948, in addition to the categories for the five officially recognized peoples and the national minorities, there was also the category Muslims undecided for those South Slav Muslims who did not want to assign themselves to any of the officially recognized peoples, otherwise the population was - of not listed separately other than that - completely associated with recognized peoples and minorities. The term Yugoslav was not used in this census as an explicit distinction from the politics of pre-war Yugoslavia .

In the 1953 census, the Muslim undecided category was abolished and a Yugoslav undecided category was introduced instead . All " persons of Yugoslav [South Slav] origin who have not made a national decision " should be assigned to this; People who declared themselves Muslims (in the sense of the Muslim undecided category of 1948) or indicated a regional affiliation (i.e. assigned to a region within Yugoslavia with a term that did not designate a recognized nationality) were also undecided as Yugoslavs that year counted. On the other hand, other nationally undecided persons were separated from the undecided Yugoslavs , who should only indicate nationally undecided . As a result of the 1953 census, there were a total of 998,698 nationally undecided Yugoslavs , 891,800 of them in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The comparison with the year 1948 suggests that this category included mostly Bosnian-Herzegovinian Muslims, for whom there was no separate category in 1953.

In the 1950s there was controversy within the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (BdKJ) about the conception of Yugoslavism . While the so-called integral Yugoslavists around Interior Minister Aleksandar Ranković represented the idea that a single Yugoslav nation should and will emerge in the future from the existing Yugoslav nations , this idea was rejected primarily by representatives of the republics of Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia, who considered this objective Expressions of centralism and unitarianism valued. With the new program of the BdKJ from 1958, the opponents of integral Yugoslavism prevailed. In this program the " creation of any new" Yugoslav nation "in place of the existing nations " was explicitly rejected and instead declared that " the Yugoslav socialist consciousness, Yugoslav socialist patriotism " is based on the common interests "of the working people of all peoples of Yugoslavia "; " Socialist Yugoslavism as a form of socialist internationalism " and the " democratic national consciousness permeated by the spirit of internationalism " are " two sides of a unified process " and " every absolutization of the one as the other " should be rejected, otherwise one would become " reactionary Nationalism and chauvinism ", which would otherwise lead to" equally reactionary large-scale hegemonism ".

In the 1961 census, in addition to the categories for the five official peoples, on the one hand a separate category Muslims in the ethnic sense was introduced for South Slavic Muslims, on the other hand the category Yugoslav undecided was replaced by a category Yugoslav national undecided . The changed name was accompanied by a new definition of the category: All citizens of Yugoslavia who do not want to make a national decision should now be counted as nationally undecided Yugoslavs , that is not only those of South Slavic descent . Analogous to the regulation from 1953, it continued to apply in 1961 that citizens of Yugoslavia who had indicated a regional affiliation were counted as nationally undecided Yugoslavs . Of the 317,124 Yugoslavs counted in 1961 , 275,883 lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where they made up 8.42% of the population, compared with only 1.7% at the national level; A comparison with earlier and later censuses suggests that a number of Bosnian Muslims in particular chose this category.

In 1963, on the one hand, the new constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the new constitution of the state as a whole (with which the FVR Yugoslavia was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) officially recognized the Muslims in the national sense as the sixth people of Yugoslavia , on the other hand in Article 41 of the Constitution of the SFR Yugoslavia enshrines the right of every citizen to freely express his or her nationality and stipulates that no citizen can be obliged to provide information about his or her nationality or to choose a certain nationality. As a result, in the following Yugoslav censuses there were separate categories for all six peoples of Yugoslavia , the recognized nationalities and ethnic groups (including the statistical residual category Other ), those who declared themselves to be Yugoslavs , those who did not provide any information on the basis of Article 41 of the Constitution gave, those who indicate a regional origin which was officially not a nationality, but still had to be accepted as an answer, as well as those whose nationality was unknown. The three headings No information with reference to Article 41 , Yugoslavs and regional origin were grouped together in the official results under the common heading Respondents who did not indicate nationality .

In the 1981 census, 8.2% or 379,000 people in Croatia claimed to be Yugoslav nationality. The Yugoslavs were also strongly represented in Bosnia-Herzegovina (7.9%), while in Macedonia and Slovenia , i.e. the historical areas in which the majority of Serbo-Croatian varieties are not spoken, they were hardly noticeable with less than 2%. The nationality of Yugoslavia was given above average by people who were young, city dwellers, children from ethnically mixed marriages or members of the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia .

The following table provides an overview:

Percentage of Yugoslavs in the population in the census
Republic or Autonomous Province 1971 1981 1991
Serbian province of Vojvodina 2.4 8.2 8.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.2 7.9 5.5
Montenegro 2.0 5.3 4.2
Narrower Serbia (excluding autonomous provinces) 1.4 4.8 2.5
Croatia 1.9 8.2 2.2
Slovenia 0.4 1.4 0.6
Macedonia 0.2 0.7 -
Serbian province of Kosovo 0.1 0.2 0.2
Yugoslavia as a whole 1.3 5.4 3.0

In the 1991 census, the following municipalities had at least 15% Yugoslavs in the population: Dimitrovgrad 22.4%, Tivat 20.6%, Herceg Novi 19.1%, Kotor 18.5%, Tuzla 16, 6%, Sombor 15.5%, Subotica 15.0%. Other municipalities with at least 100,000 inhabitants and a share of at least 10% Yugoslavs were Novi Sad 12.2%, Banja Luka 12.0%, Zenica 10.8%, Sarajevo 10.7%, Mostar 10.0%.

In Macedonia, the Stranka na Jugosloveni vo Republika Makedonija (SJRM, Party of the Yugoslavs in the Republic of Macedonia) existed in the early 1990s and saw itself as the representative of the Yugoslavs.

See also: History of Yugoslavia

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Michael B. Petrovich: Population Structure, in: Südosteuropa-Handbuch . Vol. 1: Yugoslavia . Edited by Klaus-Detlev Grothusen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975. pp. 322-344: p. 330.
  2. ^ Srećko Matko Džaja : The Political Reality of Yugoslavism (1918–1991): with special consideration of Bosnia-Herzegovina . Munich: Oldenbourg, 2002. (Studies on contemporary science in Southeast Europe; 37). P. 238.
  3. ^ Srećko M. Džaja: The political reality of Yugoslavism, op.cit, p. 238; Michael B. Petrovich: Population Structure, op.cit., P. 330; State and nationality in Yugoslavia - do the Muslims also constitute themselves as a separate nation ?, in: Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Südosteuropa , Vol. 19, 1970, Issue 8, pp. 113–122: p. 113.
  4. ↑ Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1991 . Godina 38. Beograd: Savezni zavod za statistiku, 1991. pp. 28-29; Michael B. Petrovich: Population Structure, op.cit., P. 331.
  5. ^ State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, vol. 19 ..., p. 113.
  6. ↑ Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1991 ..., pp. 28-29; Srećko M. Džaja: The political reality of Yugoslavism, op.cit, pp. 238–239; State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, Jg. 19 ..., p. 113. In the latter work, jugoslovensko poreklo is probably correctly translated into German as South Slavic ancestry .
  7. ↑ Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1991 ..., pp. 28-29. In 1948 an attempt was still made to assign all regional affiliations to one of the recognized peoples or the undecided Muslims (ibid.).
  8. ^ State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, vol. 19 ..., p. 113. It is unclear to which category these were assigned in the census results.
  9. ^ State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, vol. 19 ..., pp. 113–114; only the number for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Srećko M. Džaja: Diepolitischenreal des Yugoslavismus, op.cit, pp. 238–239.
  10. ↑ Srećko M. Džaja: The political reality of Yugoslavism , op.cit, pp. 238–239. In 1948 there were 788,403 undecided Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Džaja, op.cit., P. 238; State and Nationality in Yugoslavia ..., op.cit., P. 114), in Yugoslavia a total of 808,921 (Petrovich, op .cit., p. 331).
  11. ^ State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, vol. 19 ..., pp. 114–115; Srećko M. Džaja: The Political Reality of Yugoslavism , op.cit, p. 239.
  12. ^ State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, vol. 19 ..., p. 115; see. Džaja: The Political Reality of Yugoslavism , op.cit, p. 239.
  13. ↑ Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1991 ..., pp. 28-29; State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, vol. 19 ..., pp. 113–114. The official term was in the eastern variant of Serbo-Croatian 1953 Jugosloven neopredeljen , 1961 Jugosloven nacionalno neopredeljen ( Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1991 , ibid.).
  14. ↑ Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1991 ..., pp. 28-29; State and nationality in Yugoslavia ..., in: WDSOE, vol. 19 ..., pp. 113–114.
  15. ↑ Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1991 ..., pp. 28-29.
  16. ↑ Michael B. Petrovich: Population Structure, op.cit., P. 331.
  17. ↑ a b Srećko M. Džaja: The political reality of Yugoslavism, op.cit., P. 239.
  18. ↑ Srećko M. Džaja: The political reality of Yugoslavism, op.cit., P. 239. Despite the growing total population, the number of Muslims in the ethnic sense is lower in 1961 than the number of Yugoslavs undecided in 1953: 891,800 (31.32%) Yugoslavs undecided within a total Bosnian-Herzegovinian population of 2,847,790 in 1953 are compared to only 842,247 (25.69%) Muslims in the ethnic sense within a total Bosnian-Herzegovinian population of 3,277,935 in 1961 (Džaja, op.cit., P. 238–239), in 1971 there were already 1,482,430 (39.60%) Muslims in the national sense within a total Bosnian-Herzegovinian population of 3,746,111 (Džaja, op.cit., P. 241).
  19. ↑ Ustav Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije from 1963, Article 41.
  20. ↑ Michael B. Petrovich: Population Structure, op.cit., Pp. 327-328, 331.
  21. ↑ Dusko Sekulic, Garth Massey, Randy Hodson, Who were the Yugoslavs? , in: American Sociological Review , Volume 59.1994, pp. 83-97.
  22. ↑ Data for 1991 according to Statistički Bilten No. 1934 (1992), data for 1971 to 1991 according to archive link ( memento of the original from January 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Table 6), there also figures for 1961, where the "Muslim" category was not yet available, so that many who stated "Muslims" as their nationality from 1971 onwards stated "Yugoslavia" in 1961. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rastko.org.rs
  23. ↑ a b For Macedonia no figures from the 1991 census were apparently published on the proportion of Yugoslavs; the overall result for Yugoslavia for 1991 is therefore not exactly fixed either, but it is around 3.0% if the proportion of Yugoslavs in Macedonia is between 0.0% and 0.8%.
  24. ↑ Statistički Bilten No. 1934 (1992): Nacionalni sastav stanovništva po opštinama (nationality composition of the population by municipality).
  25. ↑ cf. John B. Allcock, Macedonia , in: Political Parties of Eastern Europe, Russia and the Successor States , ed. By B. Szajkowski, 1994 ( ISBN 0-582-25531-7 ), p. 288.