Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti

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The Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti ( German  “Society for the Rise of Kurdistan” ) was a Kurdish organization that aimed to create a Kurdish state in the east of what is now Turkey . She is also called Kürt Teali Cemiyeti .

The "Society" (Cemiyet) relied on Articles 62 and 64 of the Treaty of Sèvres and the principles of Woodrow Wilson . The company opened many branches in the eastern provinces of Turkey. Documents have been found that the union was used by the English to fight against the resistance to the Treaty of Sèvres and the occupation of Anatolia. The organization also intends to promote the Kurdish language and culture. She published a magazine called Jîn (English: life). The association was active during the Turkish Liberation War .

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was of the opinion that the organization wanted to create a Kurdish state under the protection of foreign states. The association was banned in 1921 by a resolution of the National Assembly of Turkey .

founding

The association was founded with an application to the Ministry of the Interior on December 30, 1918. According to the articles of association, November 19, 1918 is registered as the date of foundation.

founder

The organization was founded in Istanbul by distinguished Kurdish families, some intellectuals and officials. The members mainly consisted of members of former Kurdish organizations such as the Kürt Teavün ve Terakki Cemiyeti and the Civata Talebeyi Kurdan - Hevi . The Kurdistan Recovery Association quickly found broad support among the Kurds in Istanbul. Soon afterwards, so-called Kurdish clubs were opened in the eastern provinces . One of the most important was the club in Diyarbakir. Seyyit Abdülkadir was chairman of the association as well as a member of the Ottoman Senate and President of the Ottoman State Council.

Members of the Sheikh Ubeydullah family

  1. Seyyit Abdülkadir (founder and chairman, son of Sheikh Ubeydallah )
  2. Seyyit Abdullah (grandson of Sheikh Ubeydullah)
  3. Seyyit Taha (grandson of Sheikh Ubeydullah)

Members of the Bedirxan Begs family

the Bedirhan brothers
  1. Emin Ali Bedirxan (son of Bedirxan Beg)
  2. Süreyya Bedirxan (son of Emin Ali)
  3. Celadet Ali Bedirxan (son of Emin Ali)
  4. Kamuran Ali Bedirxan (son of Emin Alis)
  5. Mikdad Mithad Esved (son of Bedirxan Beg)
  6. Bedirhanzade Mehmet Ali (son of Bedirxan Beg)
  7. Bedirhanzade Hasan Nuri (son of Bedirxan Beg)
  8. Halil Rami Bey (son of Bedirxan Beg, Mutasarrıf of Malatya)
  9. Asaf Bedirhan (son of Halil Rami Beys)
  10. Bedirhan Ali (grandson of Bedirxan Beg)

From the Aşiret of the Baban

  1. Babanzade Şükrü (The later Prof. Şükrü Baban)
  2. Babanzade Mustafa Zihni Paşa (Former Wali des Hejaz )
  3. Babanzade Fuat Bey
  4. Babanzade Hikmet Bey
  5. Babanzade Aziz Bey
  6. Babanzade Mahmut Bey

From the family of Cemil Paschas from Diyarbakır

  1. Ahmet Cemil Pasha
  2. Ekrem Cemilpasha
  3. Kadri Cemilpasha

Some other members

  1. Mehmet Serif Pasha
  2. Ihsan Nuri Pasha
  3. Mehmet Şükrü Sekban
  4. Said Nursî 1
  5. Yusuf Ziya Bey
  6. Mevlanzade Rıfat (One of the 150 Persona non grata in Turkey)
  7. Ahmet Hamdi Paşa
  8. Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu
  9. Arvasizade Mehmet Şefik
  10. Said Molla (One of Turkey's 150 Persona non grata )

1: That Said Nursi was a member is rejected by some. Accordingly, membership contradicts Said Nursi's statements. To an invitation from the association, Said Nursi replied that he would support the re-establishment of the Ottoman state, but that a Kurdish state would only benefit the enemies of Islam.

comment

Ataturk wrote about this association in his Nutuk :

“In addition to these clubs, a few other clubs and organizations have appeared in the country. Among these there was the Kürt Teali Cemiyeti in the provinces of Diyarbakır, Bitlis and Elâzığ , which was administered from İstanbul. The aim of this association was to found a Kurdish state under the protection of foreign states. "

Organization and program

According to its statutes, the aim of the Kurdistan Recovery Association was to promote and develop the general interest of the Kurds. Various sub-organizations were founded for this purpose. The two most important were the “Kurdish Society for the Promotion of Education and Publication” (Kürd Tamimi Maarif ve Neşriyat Cemiyeti) and the “Society for the upliftment of Kurdish women” (Kürd Kadınları Teali Cemiyeti) . In order to achieve its goals, the Kurdistan Upswing Association wanted to cultivate and develop the Kurdish language. For example, all works should be published in the Kurdish language, grammar books should be published and publishers and libraries should be founded.

The most important publication of the Kurdistan Recovery Association was the weekly Jin (Life). The Jin was the mouthpiece of the organization and appeared for the first time on November 7, 1918. After 25 issues, the magazine was discontinued on October 2, 1919. Jin was published in Ottoman and Kurdish ( Kurmanji and Sorani ).

The Kurdistan Upswing Association initially demanded the return of all Kurds displaced during the World War and the dispatch of Kurdish officials to the Kurdish areas. They insisted on Kurdish autonomy within the Ottoman state. Over time, the demands grew, so that soon there was talk of a Kurdish state.

history

The first chairman of the KTC was Seyyit Abdülkadir, who took a more moderate course, especially after the organization came under public criticism in early 1920 and calls for a ban had been raised. Therefore, there were several splits, the first time in December 1919, when a more radical group around Babanzade Aziz founded the Kürt Milli Fırkası (Kurdish National Party). In 1920 Emin Ali Bedirxan and his supporters openly demanded a sovereign state of Kurdistan. When the majority of Kurdish emigrants in Istanbul confessed to Abdülkadir, who alone was entitled to speak on their behalf, the Kürt Teskilat-i Içtimaîye (Kurdish social organization) split off in mid-March 1920 under the leadership of Bedirxan, which also split at the end of the year the Kürt Milli Fırkası joined.

Activities in Anatolia during the War of Liberation

Celadet and Kâmuran from the Bedirxan tribe and Ekrem from the Cemil Paschas family were among the founders. She and the English major Edward William Charles Noel arrived in Malatya on September 6th. At this time the association tried to organize itself in the eastern provinces. Halit, Chief of Staff of the 13th Corps in Diyarbekir, sent Mustafa Kemal Pasha an encrypted telegram in Sivas. The Nutuk documents say that troops were sent out to persecute certain people. More precisely, it is in an encrypted telegram dated September 9, 1919, which Mustafa Kemal sent to the 15th Corps in Erzurum and the 20th Corps in Ankara:

“The English major Mister Noel carried out propaganda for the establishment of an independent Kurdistan. He came to Malatya with Mevlanzade Rıfat, the Bedirxanis Kâmuran and Celâdet and Cemil Paşazade Ekrem. There the Wali Harputs , Ali Galip Bey, and the Mutasarrıf of the Sanjak , Halil Bey, who belonged to the Bedirxanis, joined them and tried to work against the people and the country. Under the pretext that they wanted to clear up the attack on the post office, they gathered the Kurds from the area around them. When this news arrived, the 15th Regiment from Harput, a unit equipped with machine guns, the 2nd Squadron from Aziziye , from Siverek , a company under the 12th Cavalry Regiment in Malatya, were sent to Malatya to arrest the persons mentioned. The result will be presented to you. "

- Mustafa Kemal : Nutuk, Document No. 62

Mustafa Kemal continues to telegraph in Sivas with the officers of the region and trustworthy state officials. When they learn that a force is approaching from Harput, the Wali Ali Galip, the Mutasarrıf Malatyas, Halil, Major Noel and the tribal leaders leave Malatya and flee towards Kâhta . The captain of the gendarmerie, Faruk Bey, pursues himself as far as Kâhta. Five hours from Malatya in the village of Raka, all Kurdish tribes from Siverek to Dersim are told to assemble there. The commander of the 15th regiment informed İlyas Bey that the rebels would attack Malatya from there and that the English division from Urfa would come to the aid of the tribes. İlyas Bey informed Mustafa Kemal about it in a telegram on the night of September 11, 1919.

In his Nutuk, held in 1927, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk mentions a letter he wrote to Pastor Frew. He mentions in the said letter that the English are inciting the Muslim Kurds in the region to prevent the Sivas Congress.

The American High Commissioner in Istanbul, Admiral Bristol, telegraphed the following to Washington on September 30, 1919:

“The English are trying to stifle the nationalist current with the help of the Kurds. The reports of an action by the Turks against the Armenians are English propaganda "

Not discouraged by this defeat, the Kürt Teali Cemiyeti continued its work. The founder of the İmranlı branch , Haydar from the Koçgiri tribe, and General Secretary Alişan, from the same tribe, wanted to contact Said Riza to start an uprising. Because of the winter, the uprising could last a long time. But since the winter was harsh, they waited until spring before the uprising. Some of the insurgents such as Diyap Ağa , Meço Ağa, Kangaloğlu Ahmet Remzi and Colonel Hayri were called to Ankara as members of the Dersim delegation. They agreed. Meanwhile, the uprising began in the spring. On March 6, 1921, İmranlı was conquered and a Kurdish flag was hoisted. The Turkish parliament declared a state of emergency on Erzincan , Erzurum , Zara and Divriği . The uprising ended after 3 months and 11 days of fighting the weak insurgents by Major General Sakallı Nureddin Pasha and Lieutenant Colonel Topal Osman on June 17, 1921. The general secretary of the Alişan branch tried to fight the troops of Nureddin Pasha and Topal Osman with a few small associations, but then withdrew to Dersim without success. After the uprising, an independence court was established in Sivas . 114 people were sentenced to death. The founding chairman Seyyit Abdülkadir was executed after the Sheikh Said uprising in 1925.

literature

  • Ağuiçenoğlu, Hüseyin: Genesis of Turkish and Kurdish nationalisms in comparison. From Islamic Ottoman universalism to national conflict. Munster 1997.
  • Behrendt, Günter: Nationalism in Kurdistan. Hamburg 1993.
  • van Bruinessen, Martin: Agha, Sheikh and State - Politics and Society of Kurdistan 1989, new edition 2003 at editionParabolis.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Tarık Zafer Tunaya: Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler ; ISBN 975-470-645-X
  2. ↑ Selçuk Üniversitesi Tarih bölümü internet sayfası, Zararlı Cemiyetler ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / farabi.selcuk.edu.tr
  3. ↑ a b Bilâl Şimşir: Kürtçülük 1787-1923 , ISBN 978-975-22-0215-3
  4. ↑ Türk Parlamento tarihi Araştırma Grubu, Türk Parlamento Tarihi Millî Mücadele ve TBMBIDönem 1919-1923 , III. Cilt: I. Dönem Milletvekillerin Özgeçmişleri (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Vakfı Yayınları No. 6), TBMM Basımevi Müdürlüğü, Ankara, p. 180.
  5. ↑ Yanlış tanıtılmaya çalışılan dahi: Said Nursi, Ahmet Akgündüz
  6. ↑ Mustafa Nezihi Polat, Mülâkat, Erzurum 1964, pp. 30–34
  7. ↑ Necmeddin Şahiner: Bilinmeyen Taraflarıyla Bediüzzaman Said Nursi , İstanbul 1979, pp. 214-216.
  8. ↑ a b Recep Çelik, 'Milli Mücadele'de Bediüzzaman Said Nursi', Köprü magazine , 'Bediüzzaman özel sayı' (Spring 2000)
  9. ^ Behrendt, Günter: Nationalism in Kurdistan. Hamburg 1993, p. 331 f.
  10. ↑ Ataturk: ​​Nutuk, Volume 3, p. 216, Mister Frew'a yazdığım mektup , Publisher: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Başkanlığı ; 1927. Quote: But why is that necessary? In the end, isn't it shameful for civilization around the world that the English officer Nowill incites the Muslim Kurdish people in the Diyarbakır area and then there is an incident in Malatya against Sivas [meaning the congress] with the former Wali Galip and the Mutasarrıf [ under the Wali] Malatyas wanted to provoke Halil Bey? [1]
  11. ↑ What is meant is the Kuvayı Milliye