Khiva khanate

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Old Town of Khiva: Gate of the Konya Ark Citadel and the unfinished Kalta Minor minaret
Flag of Khiva 1917-1920

The Khanate Khiva or Chanat Khiva (from Persian خانات chānāt ) was an independentkhanate(principality) inKhorezm, in westernCentral Asia. It was founded in 1512, wascalledKhanate Khivafrom the 17th century, was under theProtectorate of Russiafrom 1873and existed until 1920.

The capital was initially Old Urgensch . After the Amu Darya changed course , it was moved to Khiva between 1592 and 1620 .

history

founding

The khanate arose when the Uzbeks under the Scheibanid dynasty conquered Transoxania around 1500 and then divided up the lands. Ilbars (r. 1512-1525) founded an independent rule in Khorezm (with the cities of Old Urgensch and Khiva ) in 1512 after the population had driven an army of the Persian Safavids from the country. Ilbars was a Scheibanid, but his successors were not in good relationship to the related Uzbek khanate , also because they came from a more distant branch of the family, the Arabshahids (Arabšāhiden).

In 1592 - according to other sources at the beginning of the 17th century - the capital of the empire was moved to Khiva , which had existed since the 6th century. The old capital, Old Urgensch, had to be given up because the Amu Darya had changed its course. Now the name Khanat Khiva established itself for this state - first in Russia .

From the 16th to the 18th century

The khanate in Khoresmia was politically, economically, culturally and militarily less important than that of its relatives in Bukhara and Samarkand. In addition to the traditional tension between nomads and peasants - preferably Uzbeks versus Tajiks  - the Turkmens also appeared here as a significant factor of unrest. The dynasty suffered from the rivalries of these population groups as well as from family and throne disputes, but was able to hold out against the claims of the neighbors.

So around 1538 an attempt to conquer Ubaidullah Khan (r. 1533-1539) of Bukhara failed , who exploited bloody family disputes to intervene and killed the Khan Avanish (Avanek), but was thrown out again by one of the princes. When the powerful Uzbekhan Abdullah II (r. 1556 / 83–1598) also wanted to recapture Khorezm, Hajji Muhammad (r. 1558–1602) dealt with him around 1594/96 and successfully allied with the Safavids for this purpose in Persia.

His successor Arab Muhammad (ruled 1603-1621) rejected a first Russian advance on Urgensch. Although the Cossacks of Yaik had dared a successful raid against Urgensch around 1603, the Khan cut them off and massacred them. However, Arab Muhammad suffered a defeat by the Kalmyks around 1613 and was deposed when his sons revolted. In addition, around 1620, the capital of Köneürgenç had to be relocated to the more secure Khiva.

The government in Khiva was Islamically similarly orthodox to the Bukhara. After all, the Khan Abu'l Ghazi Bahadur (r. 1643–1663) was active as a poet and, with the “Schadschareh-ye Turk”, also as a historian. Abu'l Ghazi successfully repulsed two attacks by the Kalmyks in 1648 and 1652/53 and in 1661 moved against the Uzbek Khan Abd al-Aziz (r. 1645–1678) as far as Bukhara . He was the most famous prince of this dynasty, even if his son Anuscha (r. 1663–1687) was similarly energetic and educated. Both also took action against the Turkmens, who often raided caravans and engaged in slave trade.

At the beginning of the 18th century the power of the khans also waned in Khiva. The rule of the Scheibanid dynasty ended between 1687 and 1714. After that, the Khans of Chiwas were usually powerless Genghisid princes who were imported from the Kazakhs, Karakalpaks or Bukhara or whose origin is simply unknown. In 1804 a new dynasty came to power. Shir Ghazi (r. 1715–1728) was the last effective Khan Chiwas, but his reign was restless and tribal rivalries broke out with the assassination of this patron of learning and literature. As early as 1717, Tsar Peter I sent an army corps under Prince Bekowitsch-Cherkassky against Khiva, but this was wiped out in the desert and betrayed in front of Khiva, which the Khan excused years later with the hostile intentions of Bekowitsch.

The next decade is in the dark. In 1740 the Persian conqueror Nadir Shah conquered the fortress of Khanka, moved into Khiva and had the Khan Ilbars II (ruled 1728–1740) executed, so that Khiva came temporarily under his suzerainty. For the most part, the 18th century was dominated by constant conflicts between nomads and settled people, and neither the clergy nor civil society gained greater influence. 1767–70 attacked again and again Yomut Turkmen, who also conquered the city of Khiva. Earlier irrigation canals fell into disrepair, farmland gave way to the steppe, and Chiwa's government lost its influence even in the Amu Darya Delta.

In 1804, the Qungrat clan took over the khanate after they had dominated the country as army commander in the late 18th century. This dynasty ruled until 1920.

Russian protectorate from 1873

The Russian conquest of Samarkand, picture by Vasily Vasilyevich Vereschagin
Turkestan around 1900

On 12./24. On August 1st, 1873, Khiva was made a Russian protectorate, justifying the fact that Russia had to protect itself against the “robberies of this brigand nest”.

Militarily the khanate was not an opponent, the only problem was the crossing of the desert by Kaufmann's troops. They advanced on Khiva in five columns from different sides, coordinated via Petersburg, and only one did not reach its destination. The storm on the city cost the Russians eleven deaths.

In the treaty with Khan Said Muhammad Rahim II (r. 1863–1910), Russia annexed the right-hand part of the Amu-Darya area, opened up trade and shipping, abolished slavery and demanded war compensation of 2.2 million rubles . In line with popular opinion, the khanate was not fully annexed, only a protectorate .

It was not until the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War that the khanate was finally eliminated in 1920 with the establishment of the People's Republic of Khorezmia .

List of khans

Khan Said Muhammad Rahim II

Arabshahids:

  • Ilbars (r. 1512-1525)
  • ...
  • Hajji Muhammad (r. 1558-1602)
  • Arab Muhammad (ruled 1603–1621)
  • Izfendiar (r. 1622–1643)
  • Abu'l Ghazi Bahadur (ruled 1643–1663)
  • Anush (r. 1663-1687)
  • Muhammad Erenke (r. 1687/1688)
  • ...
  • Shir Ghazi (r. 1715-1728)
  • Evez Muhammad (r. 1790-1804)

Qongirat (also: Qungrat):

literature

  • Henry Hoyle Howorth: History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Div. 1-2. Longmans, Green & Co., London 1880 (Reprint: Burt Franklin, New York NY 1970 ( Burt Franklin Research & Source Work series 85, ZDB ID 844446-8 )).
  • Gavin Hambly (Ed.): Central Asia. 62–63 Thousand Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-596-60016-2 ( Fischer-Weltgeschichte 16).
  • Jürgen Paul : Central Asia . Frankfurt am Main 2012 ( New Fischer World History , Volume 10).
  • Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the ethnology of Central Asia , script. Vienna, 2003, accessed on March 14, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Khanat Khiva  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, p. 70
  2. ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 280
  3. See Howorth: History of the Mongols , pp. 907 ff.
  4. ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 356.
  5. ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 382.