Kiezdeutsch

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Kiezdeutsch is a variety of German that is spoken primarily among young people in urban areas with a high proportion of the population of multilingual speakers. Since the mid-1990s, Kiezdeutsch has come into the public eye as a multi-ethnic youth language.

term

The term "Kiezdeutsch" originally comes from young people from Berlin-Kreuzberg , who used this to describe their language usage among themselves. It was taken up in an essay by the linguist Heike Wiese in 2006 and is now widespread in both academic and public discussion. Previously widespread terms are “mixed-speaking”, “Turkish German”, “Ghettodeutsch” and “ Kanak Sprak ”.

The expression "Kanak Sprak" was originally motivated as the recapture of a negative term in the context of political migrant movements, especially in the writings of Feridun Zaimoğlu , who significantly coined the term, but the strongly negative, disparaging associations with " Kanak " have been preserved. In addition, “Kanak Sprak” initially only focuses on speakers of non-German origin.

The term Kiezdeutsch, on the other hand, avoids negative preliminary assessments and does not place any ethnic restrictions on the speaker group. He also makes it clear that, on the one hand, it is a variety of German and, on the other hand, an informal way of speaking that is at home in the “ Kiez ”, a term that describes the everyday urban living environment in the Berlin dialect .

Grammatical and Lexical Properties

Kiezdeutsch differs from standard German in various areas and has a number of grammatical innovations.

Mere nominal groups

A prominent phenomenon in public perception is the use of mere nominal groups , without articles and prepositions, as information about places and times.

Examples:

"Are you going to Viktoriapark today?" [Instead of: Viktoriapark]

"I'll be fifteen on May 2nd." [Instead of: May 2nd]

This is often perceived as an unsystematic linguistic simplification. Similar expressions can also be found in the spoken language outside of Kiezdeutsch: In informal, spoken German, such constructions are e.g. B. regularly used in the Berlin area to designate public transport stops.

New word order options

In Kiezdeutsch, as in standard German, there is the usual second verb position for statements and the last verb position for subordinate clauses. In addition, a verb third position is also possible.

Example:

"I knew very well that he understood that, [last verb position in the subordinate clause]
and that's why I said that too, [second verb position in" therefore "(causal)]
but now I hate him." [ Verb third position with "now" (frame setter)]

Development of new particles

In Kiezdeutsch, constructions with two new particles can be observed: “mussu” (originated from “must you”) and “lassma” (originated from “let's go”). These elements are used as fixed expressions to introduce directive speech acts.

Examples:

"You have to drive double lessons!" [= Suggestion to the listener to drive a double lesson in the driving school]

"Get off at Lassma Moritzplatz!" [= Suggestion to get off the bus together at Moritzplatz]

In Kiezdeutsch, the development from “mussu” to a prompting particle is so far advanced that it can also be used with several listeners, ie in contexts in which “must you” would be used in standard German. The two request particles fulfill different, complementary functions: "lassma" introduces requests that include the speaker himself (we suggestions), while "mustu" introduces requests that only apply to the listener (s) (you / her suggestions ).

“So” as a focus particle

The particle “so” occurs in Kiezdeutsch in addition to being used as a focus marker as in standard German .

Examples:

"Thick, I, I do not, so the city is not my thing or so . Know what i mean I am more so natural type for nature, village. So in the country, that's my thing. "

"I hear Alpa Gun because he so comes from Schöneberg."

"The prettiest women come from the Swedes, I mean, so blond like that ."

“So” is always combined with the constituent that carries the focus of the sentence, and is thus used as a focus particle . This use could also be demonstrated outside of Kiezdeutsch, but is probably not as common in monolingual contexts as in multilingual ones.

New foreign words

New foreign words are integrated from heritage languages ​​such as Turkish and Arabic (but also from US English ), such as B. "lan" (literally "man / type") or " wallah " (literally "and Allah"). The foreign words are used according to the rules of German grammar ("lan", for example, something like "age" in the youth language, "wallah" something like "real"), and their pronunciation is Germanized. As foreign words, they are used equally by speakers with different linguistic backgrounds, i.e. also by speakers who, in addition to German, e.g. B. do not speak Arabic or Turkish.

Coronalization of the "I-Sound"

On the phonological level, the coronalization of the voiceless palatal fricative ([ç] - " I-sound ") should be mentioned. B. is also known from dialects in the Rhineland.

Linguistic repertoire

For the speakers, Kiezdeutsch is always part of a larger linguistic repertoire, which also includes more formal ways of speaking such as standard German. The grammatical characteristics mentioned above occur in particular in informal, peer group situations, suggesting an act of identity that indicates a bond with a certain social group.

perception

Kiezdeutsch is often exposed to vehement language criticism in which it is viewed as broken or faulty German. Linguistic studies have been able to refute this. Like other varieties of German, Kiezdeutsch is not a sign of a lack of language skills, but merely a part of a linguistic repertoire that is specifically used in certain informal everyday contexts.

The Kiezdeutschkorpus (KiDKo)

A comprehensive collection of conversations in Kiezdeutsch is available with the Kiezdeutschkorpus (KiDKo). The KiDKo was created from 2008 to 2015 in a project of the Collaborative Research Center 632 “Information Structure ” at the University of Potsdam (sub-project B6).

The corpus, which is accessible online free of charge, is partly based on audio recordings made by young people from a multiethnic residential area (Berlin-Kreuzberg) in their free time with their friends (main body), and partly on recordings from young people from a mono-ethnic residential area with comparable socio-economic framework conditions (Berlin-Hellersdorf) (supplementary corpus). The recordings are from 2008 and are available in the corpus as searchable transcripts, i. H. in written form.

The KiDKo is a linguistically annotated multi-level corpus. In addition to the literal transcript, it contains a level in orthographically normalized form (partly as commented translations from Turkish), a level with part of speech information (PoS tagging) and a level with syntactic information (chunks and topological fields). The transcripts are also linked to the audio files. All data (transcripts and audio recordings) were anonymized.

After registering free of charge, the corpus can be searched using the ANNIS search tool in the internet browser .

The main and supplementary corpus are complemented by further smaller corpora, in particular the corpus "Language Settings" (KiDKo / E), which contains data on attitudes, perceptions and language ideologies from public discussion (e.g. letters to the editor and e-mails from the period 2009– 2012), and the corpus “Linguistic Landscapes” (KiDKo / LL), which includes photos of written language productions in public space from the Kiezdeutsch context under the title “Liebesgrüße aus dem Kiez”.

Counterparts in other European languages

The development of multiethnic youth languages or dialects can also be observed in non-German-speaking urban areas in Europe. Similar developments have been described for Danish (in Copenhagen), Swedish (in Stockholm and Malmö ), Norwegian (in Oslo ) and Dutch (in Utrecht and Rotterdam ), among others . Interestingly, these ways of speaking have very similar characteristics to Kiezdeutsch, e.g. B. certain changes in morphology and syntax . These include a. a standardized gender usage (e.g. common gender vs. neutral gender in Danish in example (1) and (2)), the possibility of putting more than one clause in front of the finite verb in a statement with V2 , or the Use of sån (n) as a focus marker in Norwegian and Swedish in example (3) and (4) or example (5) and (6):

(1) en job (Standard Danish: et job)

DET.INDF job
'a job'

(2) den der projekt (standard Danish: det der projekt)
DET.DEF DET.DEM project
'this project'

(3) [I dag] [hun] lagde somalisk mat. (Standard Norwegian: I dag lagde hun somalisk mat.)
Today she made Somali food
'Today she made Somali food .'

(4) [Nu] [ingen] kan terra mej langre (Standard Swedish: Nu kan ingen terra mej langre.)
Now nobody can terrorize me any longer
'Now nobody can terrorize me any longer.'

(5) hon ville inte ha mej där bak (.) Asså jag var sån (.) Busfrö (.) När jag var liten (.) Jag var sån BUse

she didn't want me back there you know I was a little devil when I was little I was a plague.
'She didn't want me to sit in the back [of the room] because I was SÅN little devil when I was little. I was SÅN Plage.

(6) i tomorrow må jed på sånn confirmaSJONSkurs
in tomorrow i have to go to sånn confirmation course
'tomorrow i have to go to sånn confirmation course.'

Linguistic studies on Kiezdeutsch

In recent years, numerous linguistic studies on Kiezdeutsche have been created. These deal with sociolinguistic and grammatical issues as well as with linguistic comparative aspects.

Sociolinguistic topics such as group specifics, identity construction and media stylization are among others. a. treated in the studies by Inken Keim on the speech styles of a German-Turkish bilingual group of girls in Mannheim and in Heike Wieses' essays on the construction of social groups as well as in the work of Peter Auer, Jannis Androutsopoulos and Helga Kotthoff on the adoption of Kiezdeutsch by non-multilingual speakers and for the media reshaping of Kiezdeutsch. More recent studies deal with the linguistic repertoire of Kiezdeutsch-speaking and related specific register differences. In addition, a focus of the sociolinguistic research on Kiezdeutsch is on the evaluations and linguistic attitudes of both the speakers themselves and society towards this multiethnolect. In the area of ​​application, there are several papers on Kiezdeutsch at school, in particular with suggestions for integration into German lessons.

In the area of ​​grammar, there are primarily studies on the phonetics, phonology and syntax of Kiezdeutsche. The works of Stefanie Jannedy, Melanie Weirich, Friederike Kern, Margret Selting and Yazgül Šimšek (Selting & Kern 2009; Jannedy et al. 2011; Šimšek 2012; Kern 2013; Jannedy & Weirich 2014) deal with questions of phonetics and phonology. . Syntactic studies deal with constructions such as verbs in the declarative sentence, noun and prepositional phrases without articles and functional verb structures. Heike Wiese in particular researched the formation of new particles.

A number of comparative language studies have recently been carried out on these subject areas, especially in the area of ​​Germanic languages.

See also

literature

  • Jannis Androutsopoulos: From the Streets to the Screens and Back Again. On the mediated diffusion of ethnolectal patterns in contemporary German . LAUD, Essen 2001.
  • Jannis Androutsopoulos: Ethnolects in the media society. Stylization and language ideology in performance, fiction and metalanguage discourse. In: Christian Fandrych, Reiner Salverda (Hrsg.): Standard, Variation und Sprachwandel in Germanischen Sprachen / Standard, Variation and Language Change in Germanic Languages . Narr, Tübingen 2007, pp. 113–155.
  • Peter Auer: 'Türkenslang': A youth-language ethnolect of German and its transformations. In: Annelies Häcki Buhofer (Ed.): Language acquisition and age . Francke, Tübingen 2003, pp. 255-264.
  • İnci Dirim, Peter Auer: Turkish is not only spoken by the Turks. About the fuzzy relationship between language and ethnicity in Germany . de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2004.
  • Du Bois 2013.
  • Lena Ekberg, Toril Opsahl, Heike Wiese: Functional gains: A cross-linguistic case study on three particles in Swedish, Norwegian, and German. In: Jacomine Nortier, Bente A. Svendsen (Eds.): Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century. Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, pp. 93-115.
  • H. Julia Eksner: Ghetto Ideologies, Youth Identities and Stylized Turkish German Turkish Youth in Berlin-Kreuzberg . Lit Verlag, Berlin 2001.
  • Ulrike Freywald, Leonie Cornips, Natalia Ganuza, Ingvild Nistov, Toril Opsahl: Beyond verb second - a matter of novel information structural effects? Evidence from Norwegian, Swedish, German and Dutch. In: Jacomine Nortier, Bente A. Svendsen (Eds.): Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century. Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, pp. 73-92.
  • Stefanie Jannedy, Melanie Weirich, Jana Brunner: The effect of inferences on the perceptual categorization of Berlin German fricatives. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS 2011). 2011, pp. 962-965.
  • Stefanie Jannedy, Melanie Weirich: S ound change in an urban setting: Category instability of the palatal fricative in Berlin. In: Laboratory Phonology. 5, 1, 2014, pp. 91-122.
  • Werner Kallmeyer, Inken Keim: Linguistic variation and the construction of social identity in a German-Turkish setting. A case study of an immigrant youth-group in Mannheim, Germany. In: Jannis Androutsopoulos, Alexandra Georgakopoulou (Ed.): Discourse Constructions of Youth Identities . Benjamin, Amsterdam / Philadelphia 2003, pp. 29-46.
  • Friederike Kern: Rhythm and Contrast in Turkish German . de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2013.
  • Friederike Kern, Margret Selting: Unit construction in Turkish German: grammatical and prosodic aspects. In: Journal of Linguistics. Volume 25, 2006, pp. 239-272.
  • Helga Kotthoff: Ethnic comedy and risky humor in the clique. Racist, just fun or particularly cool? In: Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Hanna Pulaczewska (Ed.): Cross-Cultural Europe: Issues in Identity and Communication . ibidem, Munich 2010, pp. 145-181.
  • Helga Kotthoff: Just kidding? About humorous discrimination. In: Peter Maitz, Stefan Elspaß (Ed.): The German lesson. 6, special issue on linguistic discrimination, 2011, pp. 74–86.
  • Philipp Krämer: Delegitimising creoles and multiethnolects: stereotypes and (mis-) con-ceptions of language in online debates . (PDF). In: Caribbean Studies. 45, 1–2, 2017, pp. 107–142.
  • Ines Rehbein, Sören Schalowski: STTS goes Kiez - Experiments on Annotating and Tagging Urban Youth Language. In: Journal for Language Technology and Computational Linguistics. Volume 28, 2013, pp. 199–227 (special issue Das STTS-Tagset for part of speech tagging - status and perspectives ).
  • Ines Rehbein, Sören Schalowski, Heike Wiese: The KiezDeutsch Korpus (KiDKo) Release 1.0. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). 24.-31. May 2014. Iceland, Reykjavik 2013.
  • Margret Selting, Friederike Kern: On some syntactic and prosodic structures of Turkish German in talk-in-interaction. In: Journal of Pragmatics. Volume 41, 2009, pp. 2496-2514.
  • Yazgül Šimšek: Sequential and prosodic aspects of speaker-listener interaction in Turkish German . Waxmann, Berlin 2012.
  • John R. te Velde: Temporal adverbs in the kiezdeutsch left periphery: Combining late merge with deaccentuation for V3. In: Studia Linguistica. 71, 3, 2016, pp. 205-367, doi: 10.1111 / stul.12055
  • George Walkden: Language contact and V3 in Germanic varieties new and old. In: Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics. Volume 20, 2017, pp. 49-81.
  • Heike Wiese: “I'll make you knife” - grammatical productivity in Kiez language ('Kanak Sprak'). In: Linguistic Reports. Volume 207, 2006, pp. 245-273.
  • Heike Wiese: Grammatical innovation in multiethnic urban Europe: new linguistic practices among adolescents. In: Lingua. 119, 5, 2009, pp. 782-806.
  • Heike Wiese: Kiezdeutsch. A new dialect is emerging . C. H. Beck, Munich 2012.
  • Heike Wiese: Voices of linguistic outrage: standard language constructs and the discourse on new urban dialects. In: Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies. 120 (ed. Ben Rampton et al.). King's College, London 2014.
  • Heike Wiese: The construction of social groups. Case study Kiezdeutsch. In: Eva Neuland, Peter Schlobinski (Ed.): Handbook Language in Social Groups . de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2018, pp. 331–351.
  • Heike Wiese, Ulrike Freywald, Sören Schalowski, Katharina Mayr: The KiezDeutsch corpus. Spontaneous language data from young people from urban residential areas. In: German language. Volume 40, 2012, pp. 97-123.
  • Heike Wiese, Horst J. Simon, Marianne Zappen-Thomson, Kathleen Schumann: Multilingual German: Observations on Namdeutsch and Kiezdeutsch. In: Journal of Dialectology and Linguistics. 81, 3, 2014, pp. 247-307.
  • Heike Wiese, Maria Pohle: “I'm going to the cinema” or “… to the cinema”? Restrictions on the use of non-canonical local information. In: Journal of Linguistics. Volume 35, 2016, pp. 171-216.
  • Heike Wiese, Katharina Mayr, Philipp Krämer, Patrick Seeger, Hans-Georg Müller, Verena Mezger: Changing teachers' attitudes towards linguistic diversity: Effects of an antibias program. In: International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 2017, onlinelibrary.wiley.com (PDF)
  • Heike Wiese, Hans G. Müller: The hidden life of V3: an overlooked word order variant on verb-second. In: Mailin Antomo, Sonja Müller (Ed.): Non-Canonical Verb Positioning in Main Clauses . Buske, Hamburg 2018, pp. 201–223 ( Linguistic Reports , Special Issue 25).
  • Amir Zeldes, Julia Ritz, Anke Lüdeling, Christian Chiarcos: ANNIS: A search tool for multi-layer annotated corpora. In: Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference. 20.-23. July 2009. Liverpool UK 2009, ucrel.lancs.ac.uk

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Heike Wiese: “I'll make you knife”: Grammatical productivity in Kiez language (“ Kanak Sprak ”) . In: Linguistic Reports . No. 207 , 2006, p. 245-273 .
  2. ↑ V. Hinnenkamp: “Zwei zu bir miydi?” - Mixed-language varieties of migrant youth in the hybridity discourse . In: V. Hinnenkamp, ​​K. Meng (Hrsg.): Jump over language borders. Linguistic hybridity and multicultural self-image . Narr, Tübingen 2005.
  3. ↑ a b c d Jannis Androutsopoulos: Ultra korregd Alder! For the media stylization and appropriation of “Turkish German” . In: German language . No. 29 , 2001, p. 321-339 .
  4. ^ A b F. Kern, M. Selting: Unit construction in Turkic German. Grammatical and prosodic aspects . In: Journal of Linguistics . No. 25 , 2006, pp. 239-272 .
  5. ^ I. Keim: Communicative practices in children and youth groups of Turkish origin in Mannheim . In: German language . No. 32 , 2004, p. 198-226 .
  6. ^ F. Zaimoğlu: Kanak Sprak. 24 discrepancies from the fringes of society . Rotbuch, Hamburg 1995.
  7. ↑ Jannis Androutsopoulos: Ethnolects in the media society. Stylization and language ideology in performance, fiction and metalanguage discourse . In: Christian Fandrych, Reinier Salverda (Hrsg.): Standard, Variation und Sprachwandel in Germanic Languages ​​/ Standard, Variation and Language Change in Germanic Languages . Narr, Tübingen 2007.
  8. ↑ Heike Wiese: Kiezdeutsch. A new dialect is emerging . CH Beck, Munich 2012.
  9. ↑ Heike Wiese: so as a focus marker in German . In: Linguistics . No. 49; 5 , 2011, pp. 991-1039 .
  10. ↑ Auer, Peter: Ethnic markers in German between variety and style . In: Arnulf Deppermann (Hrsg.): Das Deutsch der Migranten [IDS Yearbook 2012] . de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2013, p. 9-40 .
  11. ↑ Eva Wittenberg & Kerstin Paul: "Aşkım, Baby, Schatz ..." Anglicisms in a multiethnic youth language . In: Falco Pfalzgraf (Ed.): Englischer Sprachkontakt in den Varietitäten des Deutschen / English in Contact with Varieties of German . Peter Lang Verlag, Vienna, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2008, p. 95-122 .
  12. ↑ a b c Heike Wiese: The construction of social groups: case study Kiezdeutsch . In: Eva Neuland, Peter Schlobinsky (Ed.): Language in social groups . de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2018.
  13. ↑ Dialectal and youth language variants are not a "language decline". German Society for Linguistics - DGfS, accessed on December 23, 2018 .
  14. ↑ Kiezdeutschkorpus. Retrieved December 23, 2018 .
  15. ↑ Ines Rehbein, Sören Schalowski: STTS goes Kiez - Experiments on Annotating and tagging Urban Youth Language . In: Journal for Language Technology and Computational Linguistics . No. 28 , 2013, p. 199-227 .
  16. ↑ Amir Zeldes, Julia Ritz, Anke Lüdeling, Christian Chiarcos: ANNIS: A search tool for multi-layer annotated corpora . In: Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference, 20. – 23. July 2009 . Liverpool 2009 ( lancs.ac.uk ).
  17. ↑ a b Heike Wiese: 'This migrants' babble is not a German dialect!' - The interaction of standard language ideology and 'us' /' them'-dichotomies in the public discourse on a multiethnolect . In: Language in Society . No. 44; 3 , 2015, p. 341-368 .
  18. ^ A b Heike Wiese: Grammatical innovation in multiethnic urban Europe: new linguistic practices among adolescents . In: Lingua . No. 119 , 2009, pp. 782-806 .
  19. ↑ Pia Quist: Ny københavnsk “multietnolekt”. Om sprogbrug blandt unge i sprogligt and cultured heterogeneous miljøer . In: Danske Talesprog . No. 1 . Reitzel, Copenhagen 2000, p. 143-212 .
  20. ↑ Kotsinas, Ulla-Britt: Language contact in Rinkeby, on immigrant suburb . In: Jannis K. Androutsopoulos, A. Scholz (Ed.): Jugendsprache - langue des jeunes - youth language. Linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives . Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1998, p. 125-148 .
  21. ^ A b Pia Quist: Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and stylistic practice . In: International Journal of Bilingualism . No. 12 , 2008, p. 43-61 .
  22. ↑ a b Ulkike Freywald, Leonie Cornips, Natalia Ganuza, Ingvild Nistov, Toril Opsahl: Beyond verb second - a matter of novel information structural effects? Evidence from Norwegian, Swedish, German and Dutch . In: Jacomine Nortier, Bente A. Svendsen (Eds.): Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century. Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, pp. 73-92 .
  23. ^ Ganuza, Natalia: Syntactic variation in the Swedish of adolescents in multilingual urban settings. Subject-verb order in declaratives, questions and subordinate clauses. PhD thesis . Stockholm University, 2008.
  24. ↑ Lena Ekberg, TorilOpsahl, Heike Wiese: Functional gains: a cross-linguistic case study of three particles in Swedish, Norwegian and German . In: Jacomine Nortier, Bente A. Svendsen (Eds.): Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century. Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, pp. 93-115 .
  25. ↑ Kallmeyer, Werner & Inken Keim: Linguistic variation and the construction of social identity in a German-Turkish setting. A case study of an immigrant youth-group in Mannheim, Germany . In: Jannis Androutsopoulos & Alexandra Georgakopoulou (eds.): Discourse Constructions of Youth Identities . Benjamin, Amsterdam, Philadelphia 2003, pp. 29-46 .
  26. ↑ İnci Dirim, Peter Auer: Turkish is not only spoken by the Turks. About the fuzzy relationship between language and ethnicity in Germany . De Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2004.
  27. ^ Androutsopoulos, Jannis: Ethnolects in the media society. Stylization and language ideology in performance, fiction and metalanguage discourse . In: Christian Fandrych, Reiner Salverda (Hrsg.): Standard, Variation und Sprachwandel in Germanischen Sprachen / Standard, Variation and Language Change in Germanic Languages . Narr, Tübingen 2007.
  28. ^ Helga Kotthoff: Ethnic comedy and risky humor in the clique. Racist, just fun or particularly cool? In: Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Hanna Pulaczewska (Ed.): Cross-Cultural Europe: Issues in Identity and Communication . ibidem, Munich 2010, p. 145-181 .
  29. ↑ a b Heike Wiese, Maria Pohle: “I go to the cinema” or “… to the cinema”? Restrictions on the use of non-canonical local information . In: Journal of Linguistics . No. 35; 2 , 2016, p. 171-216 .
  30. ^ Heike Wiese, Katharina Mayr, Philipp Krämer, Patrick Seeger, Hans-Georg Müller: Changing teachers' attitudes towards linguistic diversity: effects of an anti-bias program . In: International Journal of Applied Linguistics . tape 27 , no. 1 , November 28, 2015, ISSN  0802-6106 , p. 198–220 , doi : 10.1111 / ijal.12121 ( wiley.com [PDF; accessed December 23, 2018]).
  31. ↑ Philipp Krämer: Delegitimising creoles and multiethnolects: stereotypes and (mis-) conceptions of language in online debates . In: Caribbean Studies . No. 45; 1-2 , 2017, pp. 107-142 ( redalyc.org [PDF]).
  32. ↑ Heike Wiese, Hans G. Müller: The hidden life of V3: an overlooked word order variant on verb-second . In: Mailin Antomo, Sonja Müller (Ed.): Non-Canonical Verb Positioning in Main Clauses . Buske, Hamburg 2018, p. 201-223 .
  33. ↑ Heike Wiese, Horst J. Simon, Marianne Zappen-Thomson, Kathleen Schumann: Multilingual German: Observations on Namdeutsch and Kiezdeutsch . In: Journal of Dialectology and Linguistics . No. 81; 3 , 2014, pp. 247-307 .
  34. ^ John R. te Velde: Temporal adverbs in the kiezdeutsch left periphery: Combining late merge with deaccentuation for V3 . In: Studia Linguistica . No. 71; 3 , 2016, p. 205-367 .
  35. ^ George Walkden: Language contact and V3 in Germanic varieties new and old . In: Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics . No. 20 , 2017, p. 49-81 .