Kirra (Fokida)
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Local community Kirra Τοπική Κοινότητα Κίρρας (Κίρρα) |
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| Basic data | |||
| Country |
 Greece
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| region | Central Greece | ||
| Regional district | Fokida | ||
| local community | Delfi | ||
| Geographic coordinates | 38 ° 26 ' N , 22 ° 27' E | ||
| Height above d. M. |
5 m (average) |
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| surface | 6.050 km² | ||
| Residents | 1385 (2011) | ||
| Population density | 228.93 Ew. / km² | ||
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Kirra ( Greek Κίρρα , in antiquity Kirrha , ancient Greek Κίῤῥα , also Κύρρα ) is a local community in the municipality of Itea in the municipality of Delfi in the regional district of Fokida . The coastal town lies on the Gulf of Itea, which was called the Cirrhean or Crisean Gulf in ancient times. Until the 20th century the place was called Xeropigado (Ξηροπήγαδο), before it got its ancient name back.
geography
To the west of Kirra, only separated by the river Ylethos (Ύλαιθος), the small town of Itea connects . East of the place the river Xeropotamos (Ξεροπόταμος 'dry river'), which in ancient times was called Pleistos (Πλειστός), flows into the Gulf of Corinth . The salty thermal spring Agionero (Αγιόνερο) rises to the east at the foot of the Xerovouni mountain and flows into the sea about 70 meters west of the Xeropotamos. The water has a slight laxative effect . There are efforts to use the thermal water for spa treatments .
description
There are several small hotels and a couple of small beaches in Kirra. On the main square you can see the foundations of an ancient shipyard from the 5th century BC. See, which remained in use until Roman times. Here is also an unfinished column drum that was originally intended for the Temple of Apollo in Delphi . The foundations of a Christian basilica are located about 100 m west of the shipyard on Agios Georgios Street.
The Church of Panagia is on the northern outskirts . In Greco-Roman times there was a rectangular walled area, 130 m × 160 m in size, which dates back to the 4th century BC. Is to be dated. The foundations of a temple and clay figures, which were sacrificed there , were found within the quarter , which is called Magoula ( Greek Μαγούλα , hill ') . The building is possibly the temple of Apollon , Artemis and Leto mentioned by Pausanias , which was adorned with colossal statues of the three deities. A portico ran along the inside of the wall on all four sides . Ten successive layers of settlement from the Bronze Age were found beneath the ancient foundations. They range from the Early Helladic Period (FH III) to the Late Helladic Period (SH II). Some Neolithic sherds were also found. However, the groundwater below the bottom layer examined prevented further exploration. The finds are exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Amfissa .
At the port of Kirra, the lower walls of a 9 m × 9 m large and 3 m high tower from the Middle Ages have been preserved, for the construction of which ancient building material was used as spolia . The foundations of a three-aisled early Christian basilica were found directly in the northern connection.
A signposted hiking trail leads from Itea via Kirra and Chrisso to Delphi.
history
The oldest known settlement comes from the Early Helladic Era (FH III, 2200–2000 BC). It has not yet been proven whether there was a settlement here before. Schwarzminy ceramics appear for the first time at the beginning of the Middle Helladic Period (MH IA, around 2000 BC) . The dead are buried in stone box graves made of small irregular stones. Around 1900 BC Chr. (MH IB) the settlement is destroyed. It is believed that the first Middle Helladic tribes settled in Kirra at this time. Presumably the inhabitants fled and founded a new town on a hill in the interior below the modern town of Chrisso . In the second phase of the Middle Helladic (MH II, 1900–1700 BC), the Graeminy ceramic dominates. The stone box graves are built from unfired bricks or stone slabs. Around 1700 BC Chr. (MH III A) the first yellow Miny ceramic appears. At the end of the Middle Helladic (MH III B, around 1600 BC) Kirra experiences its climax. The graves are built from large stone slabs and ceramics, weapons and jewelry can be found as grave goods. Strong Creto - Cycladic influence is noticeable so the arrival of a new population is being considered. At the beginning of the Late Helladic Period there were hardly any changes. Around 1500 BC In Chr. (SH II) the settlement is finally abandoned, while in Chrisso in SH II and SH III a strong expansion to a Mycenaean city with palace-like structures took place.
According to extensive ancient tradition, Kirrha was founded around 590 BC. Ostensibly because of the appropriation of holy land and because of the tariffs levied on travelers in the First Holy War , besieged by a coalition of Amphictyonia , Sikyon and Athens and finally conquered and destroyed. Other sources call the conquered place Krisa, which according to Pausanias was the old name Kirrhas, but according to Strabo it was an independent city. The reason was probably disputes over the control of the sanctuary of Delphi, which until then had been in the expanding sphere of Kirrha or Krisas. The oldest ancient finds, however, date to the second half of the 6th century BC. BC, so that the city, which was destroyed in the First Holy War, cannot be located in Kirra and must have been in a different location that has not yet been identified.
Delphi will have rebuilt Kirrha as an important port city for the sanctuary. As a result of the Third Holy War , Kirrha and parts of its land, the Kirrhaia, came under the control of Amphissa . Apparently this was initially tolerated appropriation, which was understood as reparation for Amphissa incurred costs through the war participation on the part of Amphictyonia. When Amphissa in 339 BC In a dispute before the council of the Amphictyons demanded that Athens should pay a heavy fine of 50 talents , the Athenian Aeschines accused Amphissa of having again appropriated land belonging to the Delphic god, exploited it economically and levied tariffs as in ancient times to have. This started the Fourth Holy War . Kirrha, along with its docks and houses, was destroyed again the next day by the crowd present in Delphi, the residents were expelled and a troop hurried to help from Amphissa was repulsed. As an important port for Delphi, however, it was soon rebuilt and used until Roman times. The Spartan King Areus landed here in 281/80 BC. BC his troops to liberate the Kirrhean lands occupied by the Aitolians . The Pergamene King Eumenes II used 172 BC. The port during his visit to the sanctuary of Delphi. The foundation walls of thermal baths and mosaic floors were found from Roman times. In the early Middle Ages, the city, then called Chryson, was finally abandoned. Presumably this happened in AD 551 after a strong earthquake. Kirra was repopulated and the settlement grew again until the 13th century. When the Catalan Company threatened the coast of Greece at the beginning of the 14th century, they withdrew again to Chrisso inland. In modern times, the place Xeropigado was founded at the mouth of the Xeropotamos.
literature
- Jean Jannoray: Krisa, Kirrha et la première guerre sacrée. In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Volume 61, 1937, pp. 33-43 ( digitized version ).
- Leopold Dór, Jean Jannoray , Henri van Effenterre , Michelle van Effenterre: Kirrha: Étude de préhistoire phocidienne . Editions E. de Boccard, Paris 1960 ( digitized version ).
- Marian Holland McAllister: Kirrha . In: Richard Stillwell et al. a. (Ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
- Karin Braun: Krisa. in: Siegfried Lauffer (ed.): Greece. Lexicon of historical sites , Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1989, pp. 353–354
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ 2001 Census, National Statistics Agency of Greece (EYSE). ( Memento from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Results of the 2011 census at the National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) ( Memento from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB)
- ^ SC Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language. Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1950 ( digitized )
- ^ Pausanias, Travels in Greece 10,37,8.
- ↑ Pausanias 10,37,5.
- ↑ Strabo 9,3,3 (418), also Ptolemaeus 3,14,4 and a certain Leokrines, who Ailios Herodianos vehemently contradicts in the Etymologicum magnum (515,18) and claims that neither geographers nor travelers know about two separate cities, rather, the name Kirrha originated from Kirsa from Krisa (= Ailios Herodianos 1,266,11; 2,385,26). The name form Kirsa also knows Alkaios Fragment A 7 after Edgar Lobel , Denys Lionel Page : Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta . Oxford 1955 (= POxy 1789 Frgm. 6,9).
- ↑ For the occasion, course and consequences see, for example, George Forrest: The First Sacred War. In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Volume 80, 1956, pp. 33-52 ( online ), Filippo Cassola: Note sulla guerra Crisea. In: José Fontana et al. (Ed.): Miscellanea di studi classici in onore di Eugenio Manni. Volume 2. Bretschneider, Rome 1980, pp. 413-439 and Klaus Tausend : Amphiktyonie und Symmachie. Forms of interstate relations in archaic Greece (= Historia. Individual writings. Volume 73). F. Steiner, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 9783515061377 , pp. 161-166.
- ↑ Aischines, Against Ctesiphon 107 f. 118-123.
- ↑ Strabo 9,3,4.
- ↑ James R. Ashley: The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warface under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 BC McFarland, Jefferson, NC 1998, ISBN 9780786404070 , pp. 149-151. At the end of the war in 338 BC Amphissa was also destroyed.
- ↑ Justin 24,1,5.
- ↑ Polybios 5,27,3; Livy 42.15.