Button-handled Rübling

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Button-handled Rübling
Button-Stalked Rübling (Gymnopus confluens)

Button-Stalked Rübling ( Gymnopus confluens )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Omphalotaceae
Genre : Marasmiellus
Type : Button-handled Rübling
Scientific name
Marasmiellus confluens
(Pers.) JS Oliveira

The button- stemmed turnip ( Marasmiellus confluens , syn. Gymnopus confluens , Collybia confluens , Marasmius archyropus ) is a species of fungus from the Omphalotaceae family . The fruiting bodies appear in deciduous and coniferous forests from summer to autumn. The button-stemmed rübling is not an edible mushroom. Other, rarely used names are Knopfstiel-Blasssporrübling or Knopfstieliger Büschelrübling .

features

Macroscopic features

The thin-fleshed hat is 1.5-4 cm wide, arched to flattened and more or less strongly hunched. The cap skin is smooth, dull and pale ocher to pale brown when wet. When dry, the colors fade whitish. The edge of old fruiting bodies is wavy and bent and weakly grooved.

The strikingly dense lamellae are almost free. They are initially whitish and later cream-colored to pale leather-yellow or pinkish-brown. The spore powder is white.

The stem is up to 10 cm long, stiff, hollow, smooth or longitudinally grooved. It is red-brownish to grayish in color and has a purple-gray and finely flaky frosting. The tip of the handle is enlarged in the shape of a button at the lamellar base. The base is covered with a white felted mycelium network. The thin, tough meat is creamy-brown and smells slightly aromatic, mushroom-like. The taste is mild.

Microscopic features

The smooth, inamyloid spores are 7-10 µm long and 3.5-4.2 (-5) µm wide. They are slightly teardrop-shaped, ellipsoidal or spindle-shaped and not cyanophilic , which means that they can not be stained with cotton blue. The club-like, four-pore basidia measure 22.4–26.6 µm × 5–7 µm. There are no pleurocystids , the 27.5–70 µm long and 2.8–5.6 µm wide cheilocystids are numerous. They are irregularly clubbed to cylindrical shaped and twisted. Sometimes they can be irregularly bulged or branched like a coral. The inamyloid lamellar drama is parallel to interwoven. The hyphae are 3.5–7.8 (–14.8) µm wide, smooth, thin-walled, and translucent. Some of them contain highly refractive, oily droplets. The hat trama is also inamyloid and loosely interwoven. The hyphae are 5.5–13.2 µm wide. The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is only weakly differentiated and consists of creeping, branched and radially oriented hyphae. The hyaline and thin-walled cells are 2.8–7 µm wide and mostly smooth. Occasionally they can be finely encrusted with pale yellow-brown pigment, spirally to irregularly banded. Buckle connections are formed in all fabrics.

Species delimitation

Laypeople can certainly confuse the button-handle pale root with some other budgies. Characteristic of this species are the narrow lamellae, the thin, red-brown and soon fading hat and the tough, cartilaginous stem, which is usually noticeably hairy and quite long in relation to the diameter of the hat. The tufted growth is also typical of this species.

The Burning Rübling ( Marasmiellus peronatus ) can be similar . However, it has young yellow and old light brown lamellae further away, has a noticeably curly stem base, tastes fiery hot and grows less tufted.

ecology

The species occurs as well as in all native forest as well as in common forest communities. Often it is more mature European beech climax societies . The fruiting bodies appear from July to November mostly in clusters in rows or witch rings 1 to 5 m in diameter. Pretty much all deciduous and coniferous trees can serve as substrates, but it most often grows on red beech wood. The fungus occurs from the lowlands to the higher mountains.

distribution

The button-handle pale root is widespread in Pakistan and the Holarctic . In the Holarctic, the distribution area ranges from the meridional to boreal (subarctic) climatic zone. The species has been found in North Asia (Caucasus, Eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, China, Korea, Japan), North America (USA, Canada) and Europe. In Europe, the fungus is widespread in the south from Spain to Macedonia in the southeast. In Western Europe it is found in France, Great Britain and the Benelux countries and northwards to the Hebrides. It occurs all over Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. It can also be found all over Fennoscandinavia. In the north, its distribution area in Sweden and Finland extends beyond the Arctic Circle.

Systematics

The fungus was first described as Agaricus confluens by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796 . In 1828 Persoon described the species again, but now under the name Agaricus archyropus . Elias Magnus Fries gave the mushroom the name Marasmius archyropus in 1838 and placed it in the genus Marasmius ( Schwindlinge ). However, he used the younger epithet archyropus , although the older epithet confluens has priority in the naming. This was corrected in 1898 by P. Karsten , who gave the Rübling the name Marasmius confluens and thus used the older epithet to assign it to the genus of Schwindlinge. In 1871 Paul Kummer put the fungus as Collybia confluens in the genus Collybia and in 1898 Otto Kuntze put the species as Chamaeceras archyropus in the genus Chamaeceras , which he described again.

For a long time the species, following Paul Kummer, was referred to as Collybia confluens , from which the German-language name Knopstieliger Rübling ( Collybia was previously understood to mean the Rüblinge in the broader sense), which is still common today. In 1997, V. Antonìn, R. Halling and M. Noordeloos placed the species in the genus Gymnopus , as the males were divided into several genera in the broader sense. Genetic studies show, however, that the button-stemmed ruff is more closely related to the twig dwarf dwarven (type of the genus Marasmiellus ) than the spindle-shaped ruff (type of the genus Gymnopus ) and was therefore placed in the genus Marasmiellus .

etymology

The Latin epithet confluens means confluent or flowing into one another.

meaning

The mushroom is not an edible mushroom, even if it does not contain any poisons. Because of the tough, gristly stem and its thinness, it can hardly be used as such.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Jadson JS Oliveira, Ruby Vargas-Isla, Tiara S. Cabral, Doriane P. Rodrigues, Noemia K. Ishikawa: Progress on the phylogeny of the Omphalotaceae: Gymnopus s. str., Marasmiellus s. str., Paragymnopus gen. nov. and Pusillomyces gen. nov. In: Mycological Progress . tape 18 , no. 5 , May 2019, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 713-739 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-019-01483-5 .
  2. ↑ a b Marasmiellus confluens. Retrieved August 5, 2020 .
  3. ↑ marasmius archyropus. Retrieved August 5, 2020 .
  4. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 178 .
  5. ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 78 .
  6. ↑ a b RE Halling: A revision of Collybia s. l. in the northeastern United States & adjacent Canada . Gymnopus section Vestipedes. Ed .: The New York Botanical Garden. 2004 (English, nybg.org [accessed April 10, 2012]).
  7. ↑ Vladimír Antonín, Machiel E. Noordeloos: A monograph of marasmioid and collybioid fungi in Europe . IHW-Verlag, Eching 2010, ISBN 978-3-930167-72-2 , p. 1-479 .
  8. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
  9. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved March 18, 2012 .
  10. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Gymnopus confluens. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved March 18, 2012 .
  11. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 378 (Latin, online ).
  12. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 117 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  13. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 3 / 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1898, p. 455 ( Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
  14. ^ V. Antonín, RE Halling & ME Noordeloos: Generic concepts within the groups of Marasmius and Collybia sensu lato. In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 63, 1997, pp. 359-368 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  15. ↑ Gottlieb-Wilhelm Bischoff: Textbook of Botany Volume 2, Part 1 . In: books.google.de . 1834. Retrieved April 10, 2012.

Web links

Commons : Button-Stalked Pale Sporot ( Gymnopus confluens )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Collybia confluens. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on March 18, 2012 (Italian, good photos of the button-handled Rübling).