Konstantin Makarevich

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Konstantin Grigoryevich Makarevich (1980)

Konstantin Grigoryevich Makarewitsch (born January 25, 1922 in Schadrinsk , Kurgan Oblast , † June 17, 2017 in Almaty ) was a Soviet and Kazakh glaciologist . Makarevich made a significant scientific contribution to the development and popularization of glaciology.

Life

Makarevich was born in Shadrinsk . His father, Grigori Nikititsch, worked as a chief technologist in the food industry and was active in foreign trade; his mother, Lidija Nikolajewna, was an auditor.

A few years later the family moved to Sverdlovsk , where Makarevich first studied at the city school, then at the mining and metalworking school specializing in "mineral processing". Active in various sports, he played as a goalkeeper for the Sverdlovsk football team "Spartacus" and attended the tourist mountain sports department. He received the Distinguished Worker 'Ready for Work and Defense' badge.

Attending the technical school was interrupted in October 1941 when he was drafted into the army. His army training in 1941 took place in the 20th Airborne Brigade on the territory of the Volga German Republic . After the disbandment, the brigade was sent to the 26th separate cadet brigade, where he served as commander of the flamethrower platoon, fought on the Kalinin Front and took part in the Battle of Moscow . Makarevich graduated from the 1st Kievan Red Banner Artillery School in Krasnoyarsk and became the commander of a reconnaissance platoon of the 837th Artillery Regiment of the 307th Infantry Division. He took part in the Battle of Velikiye Luki , Operation Citadel , Operation Bagration and the Battle of Koenigsberg and was awarded several medals. He finished his military career as a lieutenant, on March 21, 2000 he was awarded the rank of captain by the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. His memoir , entitled Participation in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 , was published in 2015. The second edition of his memoirs appeared in 2016.

From 1944 he was a member of the CPSU . After the demobilization of the army in 1946, he continued his studies at the Gorky State University of the Urals . After graduating, he was suggested to continue his studies at the Graduate School of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences . In March 1956, he defended his dissertation on the evaluation of thawed glaciers in the Lepsy River basin and calculated the properties of glaciers for the first time after observing the temperature regime at mountain weather stations. This calculation method only became widespread after 10 years.

For more than 40 years he was the leader of the expeditions and research director of the international geophysical projects and programs of glacier vibrations of the International Geophysical Year , the International Hydrological Decade. From 1965 to 1974 he headed the research of the glaciers of the mountain glacier basin according to the programs of the International Hydrological Decade. In autumn 1992 he took part in the glacier expedition for the last time. In 2007, he published the book Methodological Aspects of Studies of Mass Balance and Fluctuations of Mountain Glaciers , which is a brief guide to creating and performing field observations and laboratory analysis of data. Until 2015, when he was 94 years old, he worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Geography LLP, the national scientific and technical holding Parasat of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

He met his wife Valentina Georgievna Makarewitsch (in Starchenko) in 1950 in the Talgar-Alpagger. Valentina worked as a chemistry teacher in higher educational institutions. The couple were married for 66 years and have two children.

Konstantin G. Makarewitsch died on June 17, 2017. He was buried in the city cemetery in Almaty .

Rockclimbing

Konstantin Grigoryevich Makarevich made more than thirty ascents, eight of which were conquered for the first time and were "blank spots" on topographic maps at that time. The first experience of climbing under the alpine camp "Tsvetmet" (now "Talgar") to the top of the category of anniversaries 1B was celebrated in 1940, for which he received the badge "Mountaineer of the USSR I degree". In 1946, after demobilization, he received an invitation from the head of mountaineer Tsvetmet to do an internship as a trainer. From 1948 to 1952, at the end of the mountaineering season, he returned to Sverdlovsk to study. During this time he undertook numerous climbs at different levels of difficulty.

In Alma-Ata he established contacts with the Geographical Sector of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (now the Institute of Geography of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The first practical knowledge in the exploration of glaciers was obtained during climbing. Later, two sports and scientific expeditions were organized and carried out on the basis of the Talgar camp (formerly Tsvetmet): one to the upper reaches of the Issyk Gorge (1950), the other to the right Talgar and Zharsaya glaciers (1952). In 1950, a series of ascents to nameless peaks was undertaken under the leadership of Konstantin Grigoryevich Makarevich, one of the peaks being named “Summit of Eighteen” in honor of the first eighteen firstborns to bear this name until 1952 and in “Kokbulak Peak “Were renamed.

The results of the expeditions were published in two articles in the Defeated Peaks collections for 1951 and 1953 in Moscow . For the ascent of the Talgar summit in 1951 from the south, from the Talgar Pass, the difficulty category 5A received the badge "Mountaineer of the USSR II degree". From 1946 to 1955 he worked as a mountaineering instructor in the alplagea.

Research activities

For more than 40 years Makarevich occupied himself primarily with the study of the mass balance of glaciers, considering this aspect as the most important direction in glaciology. He also believed that studying glaciers is an important aspect of the country's national security as it is one of the strategic resources for freshwater in arid conditions.

The International Geophysical Year was an active initiator of the inclusion of glaciological research and the glaciological sector of the Geographical Institute in the institutions for the international exchange of observation data and their publications within the IGY. In the person of the administrative and scientific director, he formed a research group of 35 people. The content of the research carried out on the Tuyuksu Glacier during the IGY has been described in detail in the "General Description of Research" collection.

Makarevich believed that the mass equilibrium of the glacier is closely related to the height of the glacier utilization limit, on the basis of which he calculated the properties of glaciers and predicted the influence of climatic factors on the icing of the Tien Shan. On the basis of long-term data on the accumulation, erosion and mass equilibrium of the glaciers, the most important conclusion was drawn about the systematic reduction of glaciers and the potential danger of an acceleration of the melting process due to increasing anthropogenic influences. In the past 50 years, 38.2 million cubic meters of water have drained. According to Makarevich's estimates, the glacier retreated 700 meters for more than 50 years in 2009, and if the rate of erosion continues, the glacier may disappear after 120 years. He was interested in improving the efficiency of observing the glacier regime. He paid great attention to the problems of spatial changes in glaciers, internal and external mass transport, and developed a radio-geodetic method to obtain “express data” on the speed of change in the mass of the glacier. He also studied the vibrant glaciers, which include the Korzhenevsky, Shokalsky, Kroshka, Kassin, Constitutions, Southern Talgar glaciers in the Zailiysky Alatau mountain range.

Tuyuksu Station T1. House of Observers

In the 1970s he took an active part in researching the thermophysical properties of artificially produced ice on the Medeo high-altitude ice rink . The research task consisted of the possibility of maintaining a certain temperature of the ice in order to ensure optimal gliding in changing weather conditions, as well as the effect of solar radiation and the thermal state of artificial ice. He is one of the authors of the patent on the way to creating the Medeo ice rink.

Particular attention is paid to the Central Tuyuksu glacier, which has become a representative glacier for the Central Asian region in the published collections of the World Glacier Monitoring Service ( Switzerland ). Thanks to his efforts, the central Tuyuksu Glacier has been continuously explored since 1956 until today. Materials on the variability of glaciers, exhibited with a periodicity of 5 years, are available on the website of the World Glacier Monitoring Service. The website also features bulletins of the Mass of Glaciers Balance and the annual Glacier Change Studies, which are published every 2 years.

Two glaciers are named after him for his contribution to the development and popularization of glaciology: one in the Transili-Alatau (on the upper reaches of the Kaskelen ), the other in the Djungarian Alatau (in the Aksu basin) and two passes in the Transili-Alatau (4000 m) and Djungarian Alatau (3850 m, in the upper reaches of the Kory river from Karatal).

Makarevich Glacier, Kaskelen Gorge, Zailiisky Alatau, 2016

Scientific and public activities (1956–1992)

  • For 20 years he represented the Soviet Union in the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS)
  • Member of the Glaciology Section and Chairman of the Glacier Variances Working Group and member of the Working Group
  • Member of the GUS Glaciological Society ; Editor of collections on geography and glaciology of Kazakhstan
  • Member of the editorial team of the scientific journal "Materials of Glaziological Studies"
  • Member of the editorial board of the Atlas of the Kazakh SSR, Vol. 1 "Natural Conditions and Resources"
  • Member of the editorial team of the atlas of global snow and ice resources under the heading "Glacier fluctuations"
  • Member of the Academic Council of the Geography Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR
  • Actively involved in the preparation of the rationale for the transformation of the Geographic Institute into the Geographic Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR
  • Member of the scientific and technical council of the "Kazglavlezalezaschita"
  • Organizer of several all-union and international symposiums and seminars on glaciology in Almaty
  • Participant in international symposiums and seminars in the USSR, France, England, Switzerland, China, Russia.

Popular scientific and literary activity

One of the most important popular scientific works was the autobiographical book “Life is Dedicated to Glaciers” from 2004, the second edition of which was published in 2016. One of the latest popular scientific works was "Photo Atlas Ili Alatau Glacier (Trans-Ili Alatau, North Tien Shan)", the first publication of which in 2011 already followed three new editions, shows retrospectively images of the Tien Shan glacier, which the development of the glacier in document of this region since the beginning of the 20th century. Some of Makarevich's photographs are published in the booklet dedicated to the “Music of the Glacier” project.

In addition to his academic work, he also wrote “Memoirs on Participation in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945”, dedicated to the war period. In 2001 he wrote a book of essays on German life, "Ах Берлин" (German Ach, Berlin ), a year later he published a revised version called "Berlin through the eyes of a traveler" in co-authorship with his daughter Alissa Konstantinowna Uvarowa. He is the author of the essay "Hymn of the Horse", dedicated to the invaluable help of horses in the development of the highlands, published in one of the issues "Materials of Glaciological Studies".

In 2014, a book entitled “The Life of Tuyuksu Glacier. Past, Present and Future ”, which shows data from 50 years of observation of the glacier, its regime, changes in morphometric parameters, hydrological regime and external and internal mass transport, as well as the recreational rating of the glacier basin.

Awards

Publications

For his research and literary work, he published more than 200 scientific publications, monographs, essays and books.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Herr Makarewtisch's flair for ice cream. Retrieved August 20, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b EURASIAN MAGAZINE, Germany: The loneliness of the glaciers . ( eurasischesmagazin.de [accessed on August 20, 2018]).
  3. ^ Makarevich KG: Mass balance and kinematics of glaciers in Tien Shan; Tuyuksu Glacier as an example . In: Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy . September 11, 2005 ( eurekamag.com [accessed August 20, 2018]).
personal data
SURNAME Makarevich, Konstantin
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Makarewitsch, Konstantin Grigoryevich (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Soviet and Kazakh glaciologist
DATE OF BIRTH January 25, 1922
PLACE OF BIRTH Shadrinsk , Kurgan Oblast
DATE OF DEATH 17th June 2017
Place of death Almaty