Toad bulrush

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Toad bulrush
Toad bulrush (Juncus bufonius)

Toad bulrush ( Juncus bufonius )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Rush Family (Juncaceae)
Genre : Rushes ( Juncus )
Type : Toad bulrush
Scientific name
Juncus bufonius
L.

The toad rush ( Juncus bufonius ), or common toad rush , is a species of the genus rushes ( Juncus ) within the rush family (Juncaceae).

Other common names are or were Ackermies ( Carinthia near Glödnitz ), Katerbat ( Münsterland ), Krötebinsen ( Silesia ), Toad grass (Silesia), Krottengras , Nätgras ( Altmark ), Poggengras (Silesia) and Swienegras ( East Friesland ).

description

illustration
Section of an inflorescence
fruit
Opened fruit with seeds

Vegetative characteristics

The toad rush is an annual plant that reaches heights of between 3 and 30 centimeters. It grows in tufts from the bottom without runners and forms small clumps . The round, smooth and leafy stems are limp, often prostrate or growing upright. The leaves are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The leaf sheaths are yellow to red-brown in color and have no auricles. The leaf blade is narrow and flat and thread-like, especially in the upper area.

Generative characteristics

The loose inflorescence , which begins in the lower area of ​​the stem axis, is a little to many-flowered spirre . The flowers stand individually, less often in groups. With a length of 4 to 7.5 millimeters, the whitish-green tepals are lanceolate and pointed with skin margins, the outer ones being slightly longer than the inner ones and a green central stripe. The flowers have six, rarely three to four, stamens and three elongated light stigmas . The 3 to 5 millimeter long, elongated egg-shaped capsule is bluntly triangular at the tip and slightly shorter than the inner tepals. The seeds are about 0.3 millimeters long.

The flowering period extends from June to September.

The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 30 or 34, 80 or 106.

ecology

The toad rush is summer annual.

The summit flowers usually remain closed, they show celestogamy . In addition to the flowers , brood shoots can develop in the flower area , which means that pseudo viviparia is present.

The seeds are small and only 0.02 mg in weight, when wet they look like the spawn of toads due to the slimy, swollen seed coat . Typical spread of treads takes place, as the sticky seeds stick to feet and shoes; in addition there is the spread with earth by water birds .

Occurrence

The toad bulrush is found worldwide. It colonizes moist and open locations on the banks of water, in short-lived muddy ground pioneer corridors , moist ruderal areas , wet fields and short-lived weed corridors . In Central Europe it is an Isoeto-Nanojuncetea class character.

In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part of the Krinnenspitze up to 2000 m above sea level.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Jürke Grau , Bruno P. Kremer, Bodo M. Möseler, Gerhard Rambold, Dagmar Triebel: Grasses. Sweet grasses, sour grasses, rushes and grass-like families in Europe (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). New, edit. Special edition edition. Mosaik, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-576-10702-9 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  • Toad bulrush. In: FloraWeb.de.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Toad Bulrush. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants . Publisher by Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, p. 195.
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 146.
  4. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 295.

Web links

Commons : Toad Bulrush ( Juncus bufonius )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files