Artistic cycling

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Artistic cycling is a cycling and aesthetic sport that is usually practiced in sports halls on a specially designed indoor bike (seldom also called a "hall machine").

Artistic cyclist Richard Steyer from Berlin with "Kehrstand on the front wheel rim" (1905)

Disciplines

Single-art cycling: saddle stand
Corinna Hein at her world championship freestyle on November 8, 2009 in Tavira

The following disciplines are distinguished in artificial cycling:

  • Men's or women's one-art cycling
  • Two-man artificial cycling for men or women
  • Men's or women's four-man artificial cycling
  • Six-person artificial cycling open class
  • Four-man unicycling for women and men
  • Six-person unicycling open class

World championship titles are awarded in the disciplines of 1 and 2 artificial cycling for men and women and in the 4-person artistic cycling open class and European championships in the junior area. In addition, in Germany, the qualitative and quantitative stronghold of artistic cycling, national championships in 4-man artificial cycling, 6-man artificial cycling and 4-man and 6-man unicycling are held. The championships are held at the district, district, state and federal level, in the categories of elite (men and women), juniors / youth (male / female) and schoolchildren.

When One-art cycling exercises are shown on a special wheel. 30 exercises are shown in five minutes. These exercises can include simple basic elements (e.g. driving backwards, standing still, ...), static stances (e.g. on the saddle and handlebars), static gymnastics elements (e.g. handstands, support scales, reservations or support straps), climbers ( Exercises that only ride on the rear wheel), rotations (= pirouettes ) (e.g. in a climbing position on the rear wheel), transitions (= translational elements) (from one climbing position to the other), translational rotations (e.g. Handlebar rotation (above the axis of the front wheel), rotation jump (around the front wheel), jumps and crouching (e.g. jump from the saddle stand to the handlebar stand).

In two-man artificial cycling , the freestyle consists of two parts. In one part (usually the first), two athletes ride on two wheels, exercises that are also known from single art cycling (e.g. Steiger). Most of the exercises are presented synchronously . In the other part, the athletes use a bike together; Stands can also be shown together (e.g. one is on the saddle, the other on the handlebars), and there are also “carrying exercises” (one athlete drives a certain exercise position, the other sits or stands on the shoulders). Since 2008, this discipline has also been mixed (male / female) at championships.

At four-and six-art cycling every athlete uses his own bike. There are no the exercises shown related exercises but different figures driven synchronously as possible. These can either be driven forwards or backwards in the low wheel (both wheels are in contact with the ground) or in the climber (front wheel has no contact with the ground). For students, 25 exercises are shown in 5 minutes, for juniors or elite 30 exercises in 5 minutes.

Four and six unicycling, also known as team unicycling or rounding, will no longer be an international discipline as of 2008. In Germany, unicycling is still shown like four and six artificial cycling.

Germany is the absolute favorite in all disciplines. Internationally, Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, France and, increasingly, China are also fighting for the top positions. The strongholds within Germany are in North Rhine-Westphalia, Württemberg, the Rhine-Main area and Bavaria.

The art wheel

Artistic bike

The artificial wheel, also known as the “ artificial driving machine” or “hall machine”, is a mostly hand-made special wheel . It is equipped with special tires, which ensures secure traction on level surfaces, e.g. B. hall floor or wooden parquet , guaranteed. A rigid 1: 1 ratio enables fast starting and braking, and the rigid running also enables reversing. The handlebars and saddle are designed so that you can stand on them with exercise shoes . The handlebars must be rounded or closed with handles. The saddle must be factory made. It may have a maximum length of 300 mm, a maximum width of 220 mm and a maximum unloaded deflection of 60 mm. The cranks must have a length of 130–170 mm from the center of the bottom bracket to the center of the pedal axis. Furthermore, there are spikes with a maximum length of 50 mm, which are attached to the axles of the wheels on both sides and allow more exercises in single and two-way cycling. An artificial bike is not roadworthy in terms of road traffic regulations. Usual use on the road would also damage the bike, as it is designed for operation on flat surfaces, uneven ground cannot be cushioned due to the high tire pressure of 12 bar.

In addition to the non-slip gymnastic slippers, the sportswear usually consists of sturdy gymnastic pants ( leggings ) and a jersey . In all disciplines, a sporting presentation must take place before the start of the competition; freestyle music is possible.

regulate

Runway

The driving area is usually an indoor floor made of wood or Linodur and has to be 11 m × 14 m in size for international competitions. It is limited by side lines, these must not be crossed. On both circles there are (according to the current regulations) 4 vertical lines that are equally spaced. Two circles with a diameter of 4 m and 8 m are drawn around the center point (circle with 0.5 m diameter). An exercise usually has to be shown for a half round, a round, an S or an 8 (= alternating round ). In the half lap or normal lap, you have to drive outside the four-meter circle. In an alternating lap, the center point must be passed twice, and the two circles must each have a radius of 2 m. The S is a half 8, so the center point only needs to be hit once.

In the case of jumps, transitions and squats, it is not prescribed where to do them.

All exercises in artificial cycling are selected from internationally applicable regulations. They must be preselected for the freestyle and submitted to the jury using the standardized score sheets. Each exercise has a point value that takes into account the difficulty of the exercise. The sum of all difficulties denotes the difficulty score given in the scoring sheet.

This is the starting point for a competition. If the prescribed sequence of the freestyle is not adhered to, there are deductions. The jury is responsible for the prints. A jury is composed of two to three judges as announcers (scoring) and two to three judges as clerks. They continuously evaluate the freestyle.

The freestyle itself runs according to strict guidelines. Entering the driving area, greeting the spectators with a curtsey or bow, taking the starting position. Then the athlete or the commanding officer signals the start of the freestyle to the timekeeper (a member of the jury) with the signal word "Start". From now on, the program must be completed within five minutes. There are only interruptions in timing in absolutely exceptional cases, e.g. B. in the case of technical problems with the bike or injuries to the athlete.

There are deductions for the difficulty:

  • if the exercise is not shown the entire distance
  • if the order is not followed
  • if the exercise is not done correctly
  • on timeout

There are also deductions for the execution:

  • in the event of visible uncertainties (posture, driving style, irregular step, error in stretching, ...)
  • if the execution is not clean
  • when driving over the area boundary
  • if the bike leaves the bike incorrectly (dropping the bike at the end of the freestyle)
  • in the event of falls and brief contact with the ground (tippers)

The trainer is not allowed to leave the coaching zone during the entire freestyle. This is particularly important when changing bikes in pairs (from two bikes to one or vice versa), as the athletes have to transport the unnecessary bike to the trainer or pick up the bike they need from the trainer.

The international rules are drawn up by the Union Cycliste International (UCI). The UCI includes the national cycling federations.

history

Artistic cycling (1950)

Artistic cycling was already practiced in the USA before 1900 by acrobats such as Nicholas Edward Kaufmann and John Featherly; they made a living from it. While at that time it was more about mastering the bike and riding a certain route, art cycling has developed into a technical discipline that does not stop at sport physics and sport psychology in competitive sport.

In Germany, the Association of German Cyclists was founded in Leipzig in 1884 as an association from the more middle-class camp.

In the GDR, the cycling section of the German Sports Committee and from then on the German Cycling Association of the GDR (DRSV) was responsible for cycling from 1946 to 1957 . On December 7, 1990, the two associations merged to form the Association of German Cyclists.

The Rad- und Kraftfahrerbund Solidarität RKB was founded in Chemnitz in 1896 as the “Workers-Cyclists Solidarity”. With the name Arbeiter-Radfahrerbund Solidarity, the association documented membership of the labor movement .

The world association Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) was founded on April 14, 1900 in Paris. The UCI is based in Aigle (Switzerland).

The Swiss associations: Swiss Cyclist Federation (SRB), Fédération Cycliste Suisse (FCS), Federazione Ciclistica Svizzera (FCS), Federaziun Svizra da Ciclists (FSC), Swiss Cycling Federation (SCF) have come together under the name Swiss Cycling. The founding year is stated in the statutes as 1883. Co-organizer of the artificial cycling competitions is also the sports association ATB - Association for Sport, Transport and Leisure , which is part of the workers ' sport and was founded in 1916 as a merger of Swiss sections of the “Workers' Cyclists Solidarity”.

In Austria, artistic cycling is part of the Austrian Association of Cars, Motorists and Cyclists, ARBÖ. It was founded in Vienna on April 30, 1899 as the Association of Workers 'Cyclists' Associations in Austria and has developed into a service organization for members over the following decades.

Artistic cycling is not an Olympic sport, but it was featured in the 1989 World Games program in Karlsruhe .

Requirements for practicing sport

One- and two-man artificial cycling is a competitive sport. Above all, it places high demands on the athlete's technical and coordinative abilities and skills. Precise execution of the individual movement sequences, a sense of balance, stamina, strength, mental strength, flexibility, graceful posture and quick reactions are essential for practicing this sport. Just good elasticity z. B. allows full use of the limited space of the bicycle. In four-man and six-man artificial cycling, in addition to sporting skills (similar to synchronized swimming), above all precise perfection, synchronicity and team spirit and also quick reactions.

The workout

The best starting age is between five and seven years, i.e. as soon as you have mastered cycling. Between six and twelve years of age, basic training is the focus of the training. Focus: first general and later special coordination training . The sensitive phase for coordinative training lies at this age, which is why this is primarily trained here. In addition, there is also age-appropriate technique and fitness training. Between 13 and 16 years of age, the advanced training takes place with the focus on improving the special coordination, the special mobility, intensifying the technique, general and special strength training, specialization for one or two-man art cycling. The training effort is four training units per week, two to three hours each.

Performance training begins between the ages of 15 and 16. The focus here is on complex technique training, targeted strength and endurance training as well as mental training. Increasing training and increasing the frequency of competitions. The training effort then amounts to between four and five training units per week, each about three to four hours. From the age of 17, the training effort increases significantly, in particular the frequency of competitions is increased again.

Well-known artificial cyclists

David Schnabel at his world championship freestyle on November 8th, 2009 in Tavira

One

  • Dieter Maute , World Champion 1986, 1987, Vice World Champion 1989, 1991, 1992, World Champion 1993, 1994, 1995
  • Martin Rominger , World Champion 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003
  • David Schnabel , World Champion 2005, 2006, Vice World Champion 2007, World Champion 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
  • Michael Niedermeier , World Champion 2014, 2015
  • Robin Hartmann , Vice World Champion 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, World Champion 2007
  • Corinna Hein , Vice World Champion 2003 and 2004, World Champion 2009 and 2011, 2012
  • Claudia Wieland , World Champion 2004 and 2005, Vice World Champion 2006, European Champion 2000, 2001, 2002
  • Anja Scheu , world champion 2007 and 2008
  • Astrid Ruckaberle , world champion 2000, 2001 and 2003
  • Iris Kurz , world champion 1991, 1992, 1993
  • Andrea Barth , world champion 1994, 1995, 1996, vice world champion 1991, 1992, 1993, European champion 1989, 1990

two

four

  • Liemer RC - Wöhler / Carvalho / Carvalho-Becker / Pawletta, 2006 world champions
  • RMSV Edelweiss Aach - Manuela Dieterle, Katja Gaißer, Ines Rudolf, Simone Rudolf, world champions 2007, 2009, vice world champions 2008
  • RSV Steinhöring - Christine Posch, Katharina Gülich, Michaela Schweiger, Ramona Ressel, (Sonja Mauermeier), (2013 Anja Sporer), world champions 2011, 2012, 2013,2015
  • RV Sirnach - Celine Burlet, Flavia Zuber, Melanie Schmid, Jennifer Schmid, world champions 2014, 2016, 2017

Master lists

Katrin Schultheis and Sandra Sprinkmeier at the 2011 World Cup

World Champion

European champion elite

European Champion Juniors

German champion

UCI World Ranking Winner

literature

  • Sandra Bücher: Artistic cycling through the ages. Mainz Studies in Sports Science, Volume 31, Schors-Verlag, Niedernhausen, 2013

Web links

Commons : Artistic Cycling  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The beginnings of artistic cycling on kunstrad-loehningen.ch ( Memento of the original from October 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 387 kB) accessed on February 29, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kunstrad-loehningen.ch
  2. ↑ History of SRB / Swiss Cycling on swiss-cycling.ch ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 29, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.swiss-cycling.ch
  3. ^ History of the ARBÖ. In: dasrotewien.at - Web dictionary of the Viennese social democracy. SPÖ Vienna (publisher) accessed on February 29, 2012