Lomandroideae
| Lomandroideae | ||||||||||||
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Lomandra filiformis inflorescence |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Lomandroideae | ||||||||||||
| Thorne & Reveal |
The subfamily lomandroideae belongs to the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) within the order of asparagus-like (Asparagales). Some species and especially their varieties are used as ornamental plants for parks and gardens in frost-free areas and for rooms; there are also other uses of species known, but none is economically significant.
description
Habit and leaves
There are perennial herbaceous and woody taxa . Some taxa are xerophytes . As with all monocot plants, there is no secondary growth , so the woody plants are called shrub-, tree-shaped and not tree. Some species grow as lianas . Some species form rhizomes , which in some species can also be bulbous. They often contain clear milky juice .
The alternate and spiral or two-line leaves , often arranged in rosettes, are divided into leaf sheath, petiole (only in some genera) and leaf blade. The leaf sheath is open. The simple leaf blades are parallel-veined with a smooth leaf margin, they can be grass-shaped, narrow to wide.
Inflorescences and flowers
Terminal, branched, zymous total inflorescences are formed, which consist of racemose , spiked or panicley partial inflorescences and have bracts.
The stalked, relatively small, hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers are threefold. There are two circles with three bracts each; they are of the same shape in both and are either fused or different at their base, then those of the inner circle are mostly fringed. The bracts of the outer circle are green or the same color as those of the inner circle. The bracts of the inner circle can be greenish to white, pink to brownish or blue. There are six stamens present; they are fused with the petal tube. Three fruit leaves are a syncarp, Upper permanent ovary grown. The style ends in a cephalic to three-lobed stigma. There are septal nectaries .
Fruits and seeds
There are cap fruits or berries formed with just a few seeds in each of the three capsule compartments. The bracts can still be seen on the fruits. The seeds are often black ( not with Lomandra ) due to phytomelans and are rounded or angular with a more or less smooth surface.
Ingredients and chromosomes
Steroid saponine and naphthoquinone are formed.
The chromosomes are 0.6 to 2.4 µm long. The chromosome numbers are very different in the genera: n = 3, 4, 6, 7–9, 11, 19.
Systematics and distribution
Their main distribution area is Australia and neighboring islands. There are also taxa in Madagascar , India, and South America . So you have a disjoint area mainly in areas of the Urcontinent Gondwana .
According to APG III and Chase et al. In 2009 the order of the asparagus-like (Asparagales) is restructured. Family boundaries were shifted significantly. Some earlier families only have the rank of subfamilies. The former family Laxmanniaceae is now only the subfamily Lomandroideae in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae).
According to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN; McNeill et al. 2006), the names of subfamilies may not be preserved. The names Lomandroideae, based on the tribe Lomandreae Engl. , And Laxmannioideae, based on the tribe Laxmannieae Engl. , Were published in 2007 by Robert Folger Thorne & James Lauritz Reveal in An Updated Classification of the Class Magnoliopsida (Angiospermae) , In: The Botanical Review , 73 (2), 2007, pp. 67-181. Both tribes were in Engler & Prantl: Nat. Plant family II , 5, published 1887, 18. The first publication of the family name Lomandraceae was published by Johannes Paulus Lotsy in Lectures on Botanical Tribal History , Volume 3, p. 761 only in 1911. The first publication of the surname Laxmanniaceae was written by Pietro Bubani in Flora Pyrenaea per ordines naturales gradatim digesta , Volume 4, p. 111, but it was only published posthumously by O. Penzig in 1901/2. Why the subfamily is called Lomandroideae and not Laxmannioideae is discussed in Mark W. Chase et al. 2009 nothing written.
Synonyms for Lomandroideae Thorne & Reveal are: Eustrephaceae Chupov , Lomandraceae Lotsy , Xerotaceae Hassk. , nom. illegal.
The genera contained here today have already been assigned to the Agavaceae , Anthericaceae, Asparagaceae , Asphodelaceae , Dasypogonaceae , Liliaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae .
The subfamily Lomandroideae includes 14 to 15 genera with 178 species:
- Acanthocarpus clay. : With seven species that occur in western and northwestern Australia.
- Arthropodium R.Br. (Syn .: Dichopogon Kunth ): With about 10 to 20 species in the southern hemisphere , mainly in Australia, three species in New Zealand, others in Madagascar and New Caledonia.
- Chamaescilla F. Muell. ex Benth. : With four species only in Australia.
- Chamaexeros Benth. : With four species in Australia.
- Club lilies ( Cordyline Comm. Ex R.Br. , Syn .: Charlwoodia Sweet , Cohnia Kunth , Taetsia Medik. ): Many species that were earlier in this genus were placed in the genus Dracaena . There are around 20 species in the genus. They originally come from Papua Asia to the islands in the western Pacific, on the Mascarene Islands and from Bolivia to southern South America. They form club-shaped storage nodules at the roots (German name!). Some species and varieties are ornamental plants .
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Eustrephus R.Br. : With the only kind:
- Eustrephus latifolius R.Br. ex Ker Gawl. : It is an evergreen vine that is native to the Indonesian Archipelago, Pacific Islands, and eastern Australia.
- Laxmannia R.Br. : With about eight species only in Australia, mainly in the western part.
- Lomandra Labill. (Syn .: Xerotes R.Br. ): With about 50 species that occur in Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia .
- Murchisonia Brittan : With only two species in Australia. They are also classified by some authors in the genus Thysanotus R.Br. posed.
- Romnalda P.F.Stevens : With only four species that occur from New Guinea to Queensland in Australia.
- Sowerbaea Sm . : With five kinds in Australia.
- Thysanotus R.Br. : With about 53 species in Australia, mainly in western Australia. In one of these species ( Thysanotus banksii ) the area extends to Papua New Guinea and in another ( Thysanotus chinensis ) even from Australia via Papua New Guinea to Thailand , Vietnam, Taiwan, China and the Philippines .
- Trichopetalum Lindl. (Syn .: Bottionea Colla ): They are bulbous, herbaceous plants. It was a monotypic genusuntil 2003when another species was discovered:
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Xerolirion A.S. George : With the only kind:
- Xerolirion divaricata A.S. George : It's based in southwestern Australia.
use
Some species, and especially their varieties, are used as ornamental plants for parks and gardens in frost-free areas and for rooms.
Cordyline australis and Cordyline indivisa are used in a variety of ways: We eat the baked rhizome, parts of the dried and cooked trunk; they contain fructose and make a sweet porridge or drink. Young shoots make a substitute for cabbage. Foliage leaves have been reported as food, but they are very high in fiber. The fruits can be eaten. The leaves contain saponins in such large quantities that the yield is worth it. The strong fibers can be used to make paper, baskets, clothing and particularly durable ropes, for example. You can paint with a red stripe from the leaf center rib.
The rhizomes of Thysanotus species are eaten raw or cooked. Lomandra longifolia is used in many ways.
The Maori used Arthropodium cirratum , common names Rengarenga , rock lily , as a food and spice plant, and they are also grown. Your rhizomes are cooked and eaten cold or warm; starch can also be obtained from the rhizomes. This species was also used in folk medicine.
swell
- The subfamily of the Lomandroideae on the AP website. (Section description and systematics)
- Laxmanniaceae - Online at Flowering seed plants: North and South Islands from The University of Auckland.
- DE Soltis, PF Soltis, PK Endress & MW Chase: Asparagales , in Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms. , Sunderland, Sinauer Associates, 2005, pp. 104-109.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Birgitta Bremer, Kåre Bremer, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, James L. Reveal, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Peter F. Stevens et al .: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. , in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , October 2009, Volume 161, Issue 2, pp. 105-121.
- ↑ Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal & Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 132-136, doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
- ↑ Lomandroideae - entry at GRIN.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): - Data sheet at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on February 17, 2020.
- ↑ Chamaescilla - Datasheet of the Electronic Flora of South Australia . ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Entry in the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) . (engl.)
- ^ Eustrephus at the New South Wales Flora Online .
- ↑ Sowerbaea in New South Wales Flora Online .
- ↑ Thysanotus - Datasheet of the Electronic Flora of South Australia . ( Memento of the original from February 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Cordyline at Plants for a Future.
- ↑ Thysanotus at Plants for a Future.
- ^ Lomandra longifolia at Plants for a Future.
- ↑ Use of Arthropodium cirratum . ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
