Teacher shortage

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Teacher shortage describes a situation in the school system in which the specified target number of teachers (the demand for them) is greater than the supply , so that the actual number falls below the target number; in such cases the supply of lessons is below 100 percent. The opposite situation is called teacher surplus , teacher glut or teacher overhang . The situation can differ according to country , region , school type and school subject . For example, the supply of lessons in math and science subjects or in certain geographic areas can be below 100 percent, while at the same time there is saturation in other areas and there is possibly a surplus of teachers.

With an initial situation of 100 percent supply of lessons, a teacher shortage can also be triggered by the fact that teachers' working hours are shortened or that, for financial reasons, teachers who offer their labor are not hired to replace teachers who are leaving, so that an undersupply of lessons is approved is accepted.

Situation in Germany

Figures 2003/2004

In 2003, the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs (KMK) published a forecast about the need for recruitment and the availability of fully trained young educators, which is intended to provide orientation primarily for first-year students. These forecasts extended to 2020.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) also published a report in 2004 on “Recruiting, professional development and retention of qualified teachers”. This report notes that “there is a large lack of indicators and statistics that could be used to gauge the extent of the teacher shortage, so evaluations are often based on spot observations. At the national level, the overall picture shows that the area of vocational education and training and lower secondary level are particularly affected by teacher shortages. In the general education part of upper secondary level , teacher demand and supply seem to be broadly in balance, while in primary education supply generally exceeds demand. "

The OECD report also states:

“The shortage of teachers is obviously particularly noticeable in vocational schools, in lower secondary level and in certain subjects such as mathematics and natural sciences in general upper secondary level. However, there is no nationwide uniform picture here. In particular, the eastern German federal states show an overall teacher surplus, and teacher shortages are much more common in the western German federal states. "

and furthermore it says:

"Concrete observations indicate that the problem of teacher shortages is not the same everywhere: Schools in remote or disadvantaged areas and some types of schools (namely Hauptschulen and, to a certain extent, Realschulen ) are comparatively more affected."

It should be noted that the Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs in 2003 did not predict a shortage of subjects for all subject combinations.

Further development

In 2011, the Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs claimed that a future surplus of teachers for the grammar school was to be expected, but that there was already a shortage of young teachers at vocational schools and special schools, and that there was a general shortage of teachers in the new federal states . In addition, there are too many student teachers in the subjects of German, history and geography, while there is already a significant shortage of teachers in mathematics, natural sciences, computer science and, in some cases, Latin.

The education researcher Klaus Klemm criticized the fact that the new hiring plans planned by the Conference of Ministers of Education were not sufficient to keep the promise given by Chancellor Angela Merkel and the Prime Minister at the Dresden Education Summit in 2008 . It had been promised to use the demographic return resulting from the nationwide 15 to 20 percent decline in schoolchildren (without taking account of school extensions ) almost exclusively for quality improvements, for example by reducing the class size, expanding all-day care and providing individual support for students.

In 2015, a shortage of teachers was pointed out as a result of the refugee crisis in Germany from 2015 . According to the Advisory Council of German Foundations for Integration and Migration, there is a shortage of teachers and capacities for classes without knowledge of German and thus an obstacle to integration . The media spoke of the fact that schools functioned “in emergency mode”, not only because there were few teachers, but also because teachers now have different problems to deal with than in normal school life. In 2018, the media spoke of a teacher shortage, which was particularly evident in private schools , as applicants preferred employment to freelance teaching at a private school.

In 2019, the non-profit Bertelsmann Foundation published a study that assumes a serious shortage of teachers in primary schools. According to this, significantly more teachers will be missing by 2025 than expected by the Conference of Ministers of Education. This assessment is based on new calculations by the Federal Statistical Office on population development . Against this background, experts call for the qualification of people without a teaching qualification for primary school. These include, for example, high school teachers and so-called lateral entrants.

Influencing factors

On supply side, medium and long term the number of students in teacher training to cover the teacher needs is of paramount importance. As with any other profession , the availability of teachers can depend on factors affecting access to the profession and the attractiveness of the profession. To be mentioned here are the requirements for teacher training , the social reputation of the teaching profession, the working conditions of teachers including their pay and the compatibility of family and work as well as the conditions for possible civil service . Markets also generally tend to overreact in the sense of the pig cycle , i. This means that reports about a lack of teachers tend to motivate too many young people to study for a teaching degree, while conversely warnings about such a degree lead to a teacher shortage a few years later.

On the supply side, the low level of teacher mobility between the federal states also plays a role. Differences in the state regulations play an important role.

The federal states can stagger the recruitment of teachers according to final grades (“state grade”, “employment grade”) and create grade-dependent waiting lists. It cannot be ruled out that there is a shortage of teachers in schools at the same time as there is unemployment among teachers in the same area, for example when only a few new teaching positions are created and it is awaited that positions due to retirement are available.

On the demand side, demographic effects have to be taken into account, the effects of which on the need for teachers can, however, only be estimated to a limited extent. Relevant factors include the birth rate, the immigration and emigration of people to and from a region as well as changes in participation in the various types of school, such as reduced numbers of pupils in the secondary schools. There is a sudden change in the demand for high school teachers when a year is dropped (in the course of the changeover from " G9 " to "G8" in a country) or additionally attends school (in the course of the changeover from "G8" to "G9 ").

activities

Possible measures to remedy or bridge an acute shortage of teachers include - in consultation with the teachers concerned - increasing the number of hours of part-time teachers or the continued employment of retired teachers. Another possibility is the employment of newcomers , for example:

  • the employment, on a contractual basis to cover a temporary need, of lateral entrants with a part-time training in didactics and educational pedagogy;
  • enabling university graduates to have direct access to legal clerkship in initial teacher training, as is particularly the case in scientific and technical subjects;
  • the hourly employment of workers without teacher training.

To adapt the actual numbers to the target numbers, i.e. H. In order to achieve the goal of “100 percent provision of lessons”, education politicians of the federal states can also order an extension of the number of compulsory lessons for certain groups of teachers (which is questionable under constitutional law) or reduce the weekly number of compulsory lessons for students. Finally, the class divider (the number of students per class from which a class must be divided) can be increased in certain types of school.

In many countries, especially at vocational schools, there is the possibility (usually for a limited period of time) to be hired without a legal clerkship or without a teaching degree, provided that no other applicants are available. Only a university degree in a relevant subject is required. This is currently possible in the natural sciences in particular. Experienced university graduates from business or administration are also hired for new subjects, especially in the professional area, if no corresponding teachers have yet been trained. In some cases, needs are also met by trained teachers. The starting salary generally takes into account professional experience gained outside of the education sector.

To avoid missed lessons, or if it is necessary for pedagogical reasons, a school principal can also instruct a teacher to give lessons outside the subject, provided that the relevant professional requirements are met, and the teacher cannot refuse to do so. This does not apply to religious education.

Poaching teachers from other federal states or abroad is also possible. For example, Bavaria occasionally recruited teachers from Austria.

Municipalities have the option of offering special payments (such as cheaper apartments) or employing substitute teachers who can be assigned to the schools on a temporary basis if necessary.

Measures chosen to cope with the teacher shortage caused by the refugee crisis have come under fire in some cases. For example, in January 2016, the Thuringian Teachers' Association criticized a regulation by the Thuringian Ministry according to which those teacher hours that were previously available for extracurricular activities should be made available immediately for schooling the refugee children. The association demanded that the specific teaching offers for refugee children should not be made available instead of , but in addition to the existing offer, in order not to burden other pupils and to avoid creating a mood against refugees. Individual politicians demanded "the requirements for the qualification of the lecturers had to be handled more flexibly in order to meet the high demand at least in the short term" and an increase in remuneration should be examined.

The federal government has only limited possibilities to decide on measures, as the responsibility for school matters in the sense of educational federalism lies with the states. In the education sector, the federal and state governments are only allowed to cooperate in exceptional cases due to the prohibition of cooperation; only for the higher education sector was the prohibition of cooperation softened in autumn 2014 through an amendment to Article 91b of the Basic Law .

history

When the examen pro facultate docendi for grammar school teachers (as a forerunner of today's state examination) was introduced in 1810 , this requirement could not be applied consistently due to a shortage of teachers. In the 1820s and early 1830s there was a teacher shortage in Prussia, which was replaced by a teacher surplus from the late 1830s to the early 1850s.

At the beginning of the Second World War, there was a great shortage of teachers as the men were drafted into military service. On this occasion, despite the reintroduction of female teacher celibacy in 1937 , married women were also brought in again to teach.

After the Second World War, a strict denazification was carried out among teachers; Due to the resulting shortage of teachers, there were later trial reinstatements and then, also through the issuing of clearance certificates known as “Persilscheine”, the denazification was weakened. At the beginning of the 1950s , the German post- war school system was characterized by a shortage of teachers and an extreme shortage of space due to the school buildings destroyed in the war. This situation improved within a few years due to new building programs and increased recruitment of teachers. A latent teacher shortage persisted, however, and in March 1963 the Standing Conference forecast a need of 300,000 teachers by 1970. The federal government had to deal with the “educational emergency” that Georg Picht published in a series of articles in 1964 entitled “The German educational catastrophe “Exclaimed. In particular, from 1968 to 1975 taught a large proportion of teachers in secondary schools in the sideline . In the course of the educational expansion , especially in the 1970s, there was a shortage of teachers, especially high school teachers, and a wave of new hires. In the late 1970s, high school teacher unemployment increased and the heavy influx of teacher training that had existed since the 1950s decreased.

Situation in Austria

In Austria, the media reported that it became apparent that the teacher shortage that had existed a few years earlier no longer existed. On the contrary, it had become difficult for young teachers to find a job and in June 2014 around 2,000 teachers were unemployed. There is still a shortage in the natural sciences and mathematics, but there is an excess for the subjects of history, philosophy and Italian. However, a future shortage of teachers for elementary and special schools was forecast in 2015.

Shortage of teachers worldwide

Other countries are also affected by a general shortage of teachers or a shortage of teachers in certain subjects or for certain types of schools. According to press reports and reports from the respective teachers' associations, Angola , Argentina , Australia , Bangladesh , Belgium , Brazil , Denmark (including the Faroe Islands and Greenland ), France , Great Britain , India , Ireland , Israel , the province of British Columbia in Canada , Kenya and Malaysia are suffering , Mozambique , Myanmar , New Zealand , Nigeria , Norway , Pakistan , Portugal , Sweden , Switzerland , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sudan , South Africa , Tanzania , Vietnam and the United States under teacher shortages.

According to a report by the European Commission on a study commissioned by the OECD on 19 EU countries and 15 other countries, there is a shortage of qualified staff in many schools and the teaching profession needs to be made more attractive.

An alternative solution is that Artificial Intelligence will soon be teaching students.

See also

General:

NRW:

Web links

Wiktionary: teacher shortage  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: teacher glut  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Education Directorate, Education and Training Policy Department: Recruitment, professional development and retention of qualified teachers. (PDF) Conference of Ministers of Education, September 2004, accessed on February 27, 2016 . (Section 58, p. 18).
  3. ↑ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Education Directorate, Education and Training Policy Department: Recruitment, professional development and retention of qualified teachers. (PDF) Conference of Ministers of Education, September 2004, accessed on February 27, 2016 . (Section 121, p. 39).
  4. ↑ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Education Directorate, Education and Training Policy Department: Recruitment, professional development and retention of qualified teachers. (PDF) Conference of Ministers of Education, September 2004, accessed on February 27, 2016 . (Section 122, p. 39).
  5. ↑ Resolution of the Standing Conference of 08.05.2003. (PDF) In: Documentation No. 169, Statistical Publications of the Conference of Ministers of Education. Standing Conference, September 2003, accessed on February 27, 2016 . P. 15.
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  7. ↑ Facts on Asylum Policy 2015. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Advisory Council of German Foundations for Integration and Migration, January 29, 2016, archived from the original on February 27, 2016 ; accessed on February 27, 2016 . P. 4.
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  22. ↑ A lack of subject teachers has an impact: More and more colleagues have to teach what they have not studied. news4teachers.de, February 24, 2016, accessed on February 28, 2016 .
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  30. ^ Robert Baar: Alone among women: The professional habitus of male elementary school teachers. Springer-Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-531-17452-5 , p. 70. (books.google.com)
  31. ↑ Marco Dröger: "So a decision is that people have to learn something" - the restart of school life in Göttingen after the Second World War. In: Sabine Horn, Everyday life after 1945: the post-war period using the example of the city of Göttingen , Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2010, ISBN 978-3-940344-81-6 , pp. 57–97.
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  36. ↑ Wave of retirement in schools - but no teacher shortage. bildungsklick.de, February 6, 2014, accessed on February 27, 2016 .
  37. ^ Sung-Yeun Lim: Teacher training and coordination problems in the teacher market: Development dynamics in Germany and South Korea . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-00342-5 , pp. 158 ( google.com ).
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  41. ↑ Por falta de docentes hubo unos 7500 chicos que no tuvieron clases en la Ciudad. Retrieved March 13, 2020 (Spanish).
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  43. ^ The Financial Express: Teacher-shortage hampers education in 13 Naogaon pry schools. Retrieved March 16, 2020 .
  44. ↑ RTL Newmedia: Manque cruel d'enseignants en Belgique: comment l'expliquer et que faire pour y remédier? Retrieved March 13, 2020 (French).
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  50. ^ One Country's Solution to a Teacher Shortage: Cold, Hard Cash. Retrieved September 17, 2019 .
  51. ↑ Teacher's Crisis In India: Country Falls Short Of 1 Million School Teachers. Retrieved September 17, 2019 .
  52. ↑ Ireland is suffering from a shortage of teachers. In: The Irish World. January 11, 2018, archived from the original on January 11, 2018 ; Retrieved February 7, 2020 (UK English).
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  54. ^ Allysha Howse: This Canadian Province Is Dealing With A Teaching Shortage Crisis And They Need 400 Teachers ASAP. December 30, 2018, accessed July 2, 2020 (Canadian English).
  55. ↑ Kariuki Waihenya, Ouma Wanzala: Kenya: Tough Times for Learners as Teacher Shortage Bites. May 30, 2019, accessed on March 16, 2020 .
  56. ↑ Education Ministry allocates RM48mil to fix teacher shortage, up from RM40mil | The Star Online. Retrieved March 16, 2020 .
  57. ↑ Agência Lusa: Ensino Primario em Moçambique com falta de 14 mil professores. Retrieved March 13, 2020 (European Portuguese).
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  66. ↑ La falta de profesores en las aulas obliga a abrir las listas de 29 especialidades. Retrieved March 13, 2020 (Spanish).
  67. ↑ lakmali: Teacher shortage in the Western province. Retrieved March 16, 2020 (UK English).
  68. ↑ Teacher shortage in West Darfur camps. Retrieved March 16, 2020 .
  69. ↑ Mncedisi Maphalala, Nhlanhla Mpofu: OPINION: South Africa battling with shortage of teachers in public schools. In: iol.co.za. The Star , November 21, 2019, accessed February 7, 2020 .
  70. ↑ Tanzanian schools face shortage of 80,000 teachers. Retrieved March 16, 2020 .
  71. ↑ Le Courrier du Vietnam: Le Vietnam face à un manque de 49,000 enseignants maternels et primaires. Retrieved March 13, 2020 (French).
  72. ^ Bryan Lynn, The US Is Facing a Shortage of Teachers. Global Citizen, August 23, 2018, accessed February 7, 2020 (American English).
  73. ↑ Acute teacher shortage in Europe: the teaching profession must become more attractive. European Commission, June 25, 2014, accessed February 28, 2016 .
  74. ↑ Could Artificial Intelligence Replace Our Teachers? | Education World. Retrieved March 13, 2020 .
  75. ↑ Allison Schrager, Amy X. Wang: Imagine how great universities could be without all those human teachers. Retrieved March 13, 2020 .
  76. ↑ FOCUS Online: School of the future: Teach machines, computers do the mental arithmetic. Retrieved March 22, 2020 .
  77. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education: Ideas on the role of artificial intelligence in the classroom of the future | bpb. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .