Libyan Investment Authority

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Libyan Investment Authority is the English-language name for Libya's sovereign wealth fund . This was established in August 2006 by the General People's Committee with initial capital of around 40 billion US dollars. The aim of the fund is to invest the surpluses from oil exports in a diversified way and thus to reduce the state's dependence on oil exports.

The Arabic name of the LIA isالمؤسسة الليبية للاستثمار / al-muʾassasa al-lībiyya li-l-istiṯmār .

staff

LIA

The Libyan Investment Authority is a nine-member Board of Trustees ( english Trustees Council ) before. The body is appointed by the Libyan parliament for five years; its members can be reappointed as often as desired. You decide the Board ( Board of Directors ), the managing director and his deputy. The Foundation's Board of Trustees can appoint boards of directors of subordinate corporations to the General Assembly and set up external advisory bodies. It makes its decisions by an absolute majority . The foundation's board of trustees prepares reports on the performance of the board of directors and publishes them to the Libyan parliament . The administrative board consists of five members including the chairman, his deputy and the managing director.

From June 1, 2013 to June 8, 2014 and since May 18, 2015, Abdulmagid Breish has been chairman of the Libyan Investment Authority. He brought legal proceedings against Goldman Sachs and the Société Générale , who had managed the LIA's assets to their detriment during the Gaddafi era. However, its legality is not recognized by the transitional government in Tobruk, which is presiding over Hassan Bouhadi .

Trustees Council

Members of the board are:

• Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi Chairman, General Secretary of the General People's Committee
• Abd-al-Hafid Mahmud al-Zulaytini Deputy Chairman, Deputy General Secretary of the General People's Committee
• Mahmoud Jebril Ibrahim , People's Committee Secretary of the National Planning Council
• Ammar Latif , People's Committee Secretary for Tourism
• Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi , People's Committee Secretary for Economy, Trade & Investment
• Mussa Kussa , People's Committee Secretary for Foreign Liaison & International Cooperation
• Muhammad al-Huwayj , General People's Congress Finance Secretary
• Taher al-Juhaymi , People's Committee Secretary for Planning
• Farhat Bengdara , Central Bank Governor of the Central Bank of Libya (CBL).

LAAICO

• Abdulftah Sharif , General Director of LAAICO

Investments

This Libyan fund, controlled by the Gaddafi clan, had invested over 65 billion US dollars in projects by 2009. The LIA holds eight billion in shares in 107 companies. 65 percent of these investments are made in North Africa, 20 percent in Asia and 15 percent in Europe, North and South America. The money is in banks, newspapers, sports clubs, energy companies, telecommunications and automotive companies, the defense industry, mining companies, real estate companies and the tourism sector.

Liquid funds

In 2009, the fund invested only 22 percent of its holdings long-term, with 39.81 billion in cash or short-term financial instruments. According to a secret report by US Ambassador Gene Cretz on January 28, 2010, General Manager Layas stated that the fund had US $ 32 billion in cash, "mainly in bank deposits that give us good long-term returns" . According to this, several US banks each managed 300–500 million US dollars. Most of the investments, however, are in London's banks and real estate. The LIA has accounts at the following banks and private equity firms

• Goldman Sachs
• JP Morgan
• Fortis
• Export-Import Bank of the United States
• Citigroup
• Carlyle
• Blackstone
• Unicredit
• FM Capital Partners
• Boston Generating

Libya Foreign Investment Company (LFIC)

LFIC was founded in 1981 as the Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO) with seed capital of $ 1.7 billion. According to the company's own information, global investments in 2006 amounted to 1.885 billion Libyan dinars (about 1.5 billion US dollars). In 2006 LAFICA became part of the LIA. She manages 3.5 billion in investments and real estate, including

• 7.585 percent of the major Italian bank Unicredit (of which 4.988 percent by the Central Bank of Libya (CBL))
• over 68 percent of the Italian Banca UBAE SpA (held by the Libyan Foreign Bank , Unicredit SpA and the Central Bank of Libya (CBL))
• 5 percent of the Italian Banca di Roma
• 2.6 percent of the Italian automobile company Fiat
• 7.5 percent of the Italian football club Juventus Turin
• 2.01 percent of the Italian arms company Finmeccanica
• less than 6.4 percent of the Italian energy company Eni
• approx. 1.4 percent of the Russian aluminum group Rusal
• over 3 percent of the British publisher Pearson , which also includes the
  • Financial Times heard.
• 47 percent of the Maltese Corinthia Group of Companies owns these
  • Shares in International Hotel Investments plc (IHI) owns them
    • 72 percent of the Portuguese Alfa Investimentos Turisticos Lda
    • 70 percent of the Maltese CHI Limited
    • 100 percent of the Maltese Corinthia Towers Tripoli Limited
    • 100 percent owned by the Maltese Five Star Hotels Limited
    • 100 percent owned by the Dutch IHI Benelux BV
    • 100 percent of the Hungarian IHI Hungary Zrt
    • 100 percent owned by the Maltese IHI Lisbon Limited
    • 100 percent owned by the Czech IHI Towers sro
  • various hotels including
    • Art Hotel in Antalya
    • Corinthia Palace Hotel & Spa in San Anton
    • Hotel du Lac in Tunis
    • Excelsior Hotel in Side
    • Güllük Hotel in Güllük
    • Konospiste Hotel in Konopiste
    • Labranda Hotel in Güllük
    • Marina Hotel at Corinthia Beach Resort in St. George's Bay
    • Panorama Hotel in Prague
    • Ramada Plaza in Budapest
    • Ramada Plaza in Tunis
    • Santarém Hotel in Santarém
    • Tekirova Hotel in Antalya
• 21.7 percent of the Italian textile company Olcese

Oilinvest

The Dutch oil company Oilinvest International was founded in 1988 with a share capital of 450 million US dollars, which was held equally by LAFICO , Libyan Foreign Bank (LAFB) and the National Oil Company (NOC). It has also been part of the Libyan Investment Authority since 2006 with the following subsidiaries:

• the petrol station chain Tamoil with 2,800 petrol stations in Europe (including the German petrol station chain HEM )
• of the German refinery Holborn Europa Raffinerie GmbH
• the Maltese petrochemical company Chempetrol Overseas Limited

Libyan Arab African Investment Trade Company (LAAICO)

The LAAICO invested in 26 of the 53 African countries since 2006 part of the LIA and has, in four Furthermore, LAP (Libyan African Investment Portfolio) committed. This sub-fund manages the majority of long-term investments with $ 5 billion.

LAAICO has investments and joint ventures in the African telecommunications sector. She holds mining companies with ores for steel production, diamonds, and gold resources and wants to expand into rare earths . In the tourism sector, they hold hotel complexes and land through real estate companies. In the agricultural sector, expansion into tobacco and fruit cultivation is planned. In the manufacturing industry, the fund earns from natural rubber processing, fruit juice and water bottling plants, the timber industry, the plastics industry and the manufacture of fabrics. LAAICO owns

• 100 percent of Libya Oil Africa
• 100 percent of the Libyan African Company
• 100 percent of the Malian Libyan Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO-MALI) owns this
  • Four-star Hotel de l'Amitie in Bamako
  • Shares in the National Tobacco Company (SONATAM)
  • Fruit juice factory (planned)
• 100 percent of the Gambian Libyan Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO-GAMBIA) owns this
  • Four Star Atlantic Hotel in Banjul (204 rooms)
  • 60 percent of the African International Trading Company
• 100 percent Societe pour l'Investissement et Commerce (SALIC) in Burkina Faso
• 100 percent owned by the Liberian Libyan Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO-LIBERIA)
  • 86 percent of the real estate company Pan African Real Estate Corporation
  • Rubber factory (1000 t / year)
• 75 percent of the Guinean Societe Arabe Libyo-Guineenne Pour Le Development Agricole Et Agro-Industriel (SALGUIDIA) owns this
  • 50 percent of the real estate company BDS
  • 50 percent of the fruit company NST
• Mines in the Guinean region of Mifergui-Nimba
• 65.5 percent of the Ghanaian investment company Ghana Libyan Arab Holding Company Limited (GLAHCO) which operates two subsidiaries:
  • GLAHCO Hotels & Tourism Development Company Limited (GHTDCO) owns the following hotels
    • Four-star Hotel Golden Tulip in Accra (234 rooms and 16 apartments)
    • Four-star hotel Golden Tulip Kumasi City (160 rooms)
  • Ghana Libyan-Arab Agricultural Company Ltd (GLAACO) with 3426 hectares of farmland with fruit trees in Sojakobi
  • Ghana Groceries Limited with a supermarket in Accra
• 100 percent of the poultry farm Societe Agricole Togolaise Arabe Libyenne (SATAL)
• 51 percent of the Beninese fruit and vegetable manufacturer Societe nouvelle africaine des industries des fruits et legumes (SONAIFEL)
• Shares in the Sino-Libyan telecommunications joint venture Dataport which until 2009
  • 51 percent of the Nigerien telecommunications group SONITEL owned.
• 100 percent of the Chadian Libyan Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO-TCHAD) owns this
  • Hotels (including five-star hotel with 200 rooms under construction near N'djamena )
  • Real estate companies
  • Mineral water factory
  • Fabric manufacturer
• 100 percent of the Ethiopian Libyan Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO-ETHIOPIA) owns this
  • Shares in mineral water factory in Addis Ababa
• 49 percent of the ethiopian agricultural group Ethio-Libyan Joint Agricultural Company (ELACO)
• 50 percent of the Central African mining company Companie Centrafricane des Mines (COCAMINES) which mines diamonds.
• 100 percent owned by the Ugandan Lake Victoria Hotel Company Limited
• 100 percent of the Gabonese Libyan Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO-GABON) which manages 400,000 hectares of forest.
• 100 percent of the sawmill operator Societe Congolaise Arab Libyenne du Bois (SOCALIB) which manages 506,000 hectares of forest in the Republic of the Congo .
• Shares in the mining company Oryx Natural Resources (ONR), which mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
• 55 percent of the Comorian mobile phone company Comcell
• 100 percent owned by the Zambian Libyan Foreign Investment Company , which owns 52 villas on 8 acres of land
• 100 percent of the South African Ensemble Hotel Holdings owns this
  • five star Hotel Michelangelo in Johannesburg
  • 40 percent of Legacy Hotel Holdings owns the following properties
    • Commodore Hotel (232 rooms)
    • Portswood Hotel (102 rooms)
    • Kwa Maritane Hotel (90 rooms)
    • Baku Bung Hotel (76 rooms)
    • Checodore Hotel (20 rooms)
    • 4186 m² of land for a 33-story skyscraper
• Shares in the Zimbabwean Rainbow Tourism Group
• 49 percent of the Malagasy Societe Mixte Libyo-Malgache (LIMA Holding) operates this
  • Poultry farming
  • tourism
  • property
• Shares in the mining company Ashanti Goldfields Company Limited

Libyan African Investment Portfolio (LAP)

LAP is the African LAAICO subsidiary that was funded with $ 5 billion in seed capital in 2006. It has the following investments:

• over 50 percent of Afriqiyah Airlines
• over 50 percent of the Mauritian-Libyan satellite joint venture RASCOM Star - QAF (Regional African Satellite Communications Organization)
• OiLibya Holding (African section of the Tamoil Group) with a network of 3000 petrol stations in 21 African countries
• Sahel-Saharan Investment and Trade Bank (BISC)
• Shares in the Swiss LAP subsidiary Libyan African Portfolio (Suisse) SA which together with the Swiss dam construction consultant Stucky Holding Limited
  • 100 percent of the Libyan Cement Company Misurata Cement Terminal FZC has
• 100 percent of the IT strategy consulting firm Laptech Holding Company Limited
• Shares in the Moroccan-Libyan fertilizer joint venture Office Cherifien de Phosphate (OCP)

LAP Green Network (LAP GreenN)

In 2010, LAP GreenN had 5.2 million customers. In addition to landline infrastructure and mobile communications, GPS and GPRS services are also purchased here. The LAP Green Holding / LAP Green Com include

• 80 percent of the Rwandan telecommunications group Rwandtel
• over 50 percent of the Ivory Coast telecommunications company Oricel Green
• 69 percent of Uganda's telecommunications group, Uganda Telecom Limited (UTL) after the Swiss-Libyan Konsortion UCOM out selling. This owns
  • 51 percent of the Nigerien telecommunications group SONITEL (Société Nigérienne des Télécommunications, Nigerien Telecommunications Society). This lasts
    • Shares in the Nigerien mobile phone company SahelCom
• 80 percent of the South Sudanese mobile communications company Gemtel
• 75 percent of the Zamtel landline monopoly with the daughters
  • Zamtel Online
  • Cell-Z

Economic and Social Development Fund (ESDF)

The Economic and Social Development Fund is administered by the LIA. The aim of the economic and social development fund is to "raise the standard of living of poor Libyan families" , according to their own statements . This foundation is divided into five subsidiaries with different investment focuses.

Al-Inma Investment Holdings for Services Investments

This foundation invests in the service sector and owns

• 100 percent owned by AL-INMA Co. for Construction Materials
• 100 percent owned by ALINMA Co. for the Importation of Transportation and Technical Services
• 97 percent of the AL-INMA Co. for Medicines and Medical necessities
• 94.6 percent of AL-INMA Cc. for the Importation of Foods
• 60 percent of Libya Insurance Co.
• 55 percent of AL-RAHILA Co. for Petroleum Service
• 45 percent of Al Mutahida Aviation Co.
• 42 percent of Petroleum Aviation Co.
• 40 percent of the International Co. for Services & Technology
• 35 percent of the Libyan Co. for Investment & Operation of Health Amenities
• 32 percent of the Nation Co. for Maritime Transportation
• 30 percent of the Libyan African Holding Co. for Aviation
• 25 percent of Libyan Health Insurance Co.
• 19 percent of Fast Roads Co.
• 60 percent of the Alkhadra Co. for Water and Waste Services
• 52 percent of the Libyan Co. for Environment Services
• 50 percent of the Arabic Co. for Gas Distribution
• 50 percent of Financial Bilton Libya Joint Venture Co.
• 55 percent of AL-INMA Co. for Advanced Medical Services
• 55 percent of the Gulf of Sirti Co. for Gas Projects
• 40 percent of the Mediterranean Sea Co. for Water Desalination

Al-Inma Investment Holdings for Industrial Investments

This foundation invests in the industrial sector and owns

• 100 percent of Mechanic & Electric Industrial Co.
• 100 percent of the Mediterranean Sea Co. for Minerals Formation
• 98 percent of the National Co. for Mills and Forges
• 96 percent of Al-INMA Co. for Vegetarian Oils
• 95 percent of Al-INMA Co Pipes Manufacturing
• 95 percent of Al-INMA Co. for Engineering Industries
• 95 percent of Al-INMA Co. for Wires and Cables
• 95 percent of AL-INMA Co. for Medicines and Medical Necessities Manufacturing
• 94 percent of Libyan Tobacco Co.
• 85 percent of Al-INMA Co. for Pipes Manufacturing
• 40 percent of the African Cement Factory
• 40 percent of the Libya Joint-Venture Co. for Cables Manufacturing
• 32 percent of Al-Ahlia Cement Co.
• 30 percent of ABO-ATNI Co. for Beverages Manufacturing
• 50 percent of Italiacementi Co. for Cement Manufacturing
• 42 percent of the Libyan Co. for Cement Manufacturing joint venture
• 40 percent of the Azizia Glass Factory
• 22 percent of the International Co. for Beverages Manufacturing

Libyan Holding Co. for Development and Investment

This foundation invests in development projects and owns

• 35 percent of the Libyan Contractor Union Co.
• 40 percent of the Libyan Feraera Mshkita Co.
• 35 percent of the Libyan Syrian Co. for Nets & Contractor
• 35 percent of Shaborjis B Co.
• 30 percent of Laburg International Limited Co.
• 40 percent of the Hani Co. for Contractor
• 35 percent of the Oya Co. for Big Projects
• 40 percent of the ASFI Co. for Contractors
• 50 percent of Almaber Libya Co. for Real Estate & Investment
• 88.4 percent of Libyan National Investment Co.
• 100 percent of Gordabia Holding Co. for Constructors
• 51 percent of the Gulf Co.
• 40 percent of Amperjeleo Libya Co. for Contractors
• 40 percent of the Ramco Libya Co. for Contractors
• 40 percent of Sornisen Libya Co.
• 40 percent of the Al Sahara el Kobra Co. for Contractors
• 40 percent of the Alnafida Libya Co. for Contractors
• 70 percent of the Alwaha West Co. for Contractors
• 40 percent of the Eltadshin Co. for Contractor
• 40 percent of the Sambol Libya Co. for Contractors
• 40 percent of the Altayf Co. Contractors
• 35 percent of Rig Libya Co. for contractors
• 35 percent of Anna yort Libya for Contractors
• 80 percent of Preparation Co. for Industrial Investment

Al-Inma Investment Holdings for Tourism Investment

This foundation invests in the tourism sector and owns

• 100 percent of the OIA Co. for Tourism Development and Investment
• 100 percent of the International Co. for Investment Services
• 100 percent of the AlMagrab Alarabia Village owned by Almagrab Alarabi Alkabir Co.
• 100 percent of Libyan Emirates Holdings Co.
• 100 percent of Al-Jebel Al Akhdar Co. for Tourism Development and Investment
• 100 percent owned by the Gulf Co. for Tourism Development and Investment
• 100 percent of AlBORDI Co. for Tourism Investment
• 100 percent of Al-Nicat Al Khams Co. for Tourism Development & Investment
• 100 percent of Al-Wahat Co. for Tourism Development & Investment
• 100 percent of Allibya Almutahida for Tourism Investment
• 50 percent of Al-Ghazala Co. for Tourism Investment
• 45 percent of Perocco – Libya Co. for Tourism Investment
• 30 percent of Al-Wadan Co. for Tourism Investment
• 100 percent of the Libyan Company for Preparation & Urban Development

Al-Inma Investment Holdings for Construction and Real-Estate

This foundation invests in the real estate sector and owns

• 100 percent of the Misurata Free Zone
• 100 percent of Libyan Co. for International Investments
• 24 percent of Libyan Investment Holding Co.
• 50 percent of Al-Enma Real Estate Investment Co.
• 52.5 percent of El-Tadamen Real Estate Investment Co.
• 35 percent of Sembawing libya for Contractors
• 35 percent of the Ginkes libya for Contractors JV
• 35 percent of the Seamblex Libya for Infra Structure

Oil Reserve Fund (ORF)

According to a study by Morgan Stanley, the Libyan Oil Reserve Fund had approximately 50 billion deposits in 2005. How much of it was transferred to the other sub-funds and their investments when the LIA was founded (2006) is unclear.

Long-Term Investment Portfolio

This long-term sub-fund was established in 1982 and, according to Layas, managed $ 10 billion in 2008.

Further investments

According to the "Financial Times", Gaddafi himself is said to have invested around 21.9 million US dollars in a hotel complex in L'Aquila , Italy .

Furthermore, the LIA held shares in the Belgian bank Fortis and approx. 0.02 percent in the Royal Bank of Scotland .

According to its former Vice President Mustafa Zarti , the LIA also owns shares in the Austrian brick manufacturer Wienerberger AG.

The Libyan Post holds 14.8 percent of the Italian telecommunications company Retelit and is therefore the company's largest shareholder. Gaddafi's finance company Lafitrade holds 10 percent of the French film company Quinta Communications , in which Berlusconi's media holding Fininvest and his French-Algerian friend Tarak Ben Ammar are also invested.

Account freeze

→ Main article : List of persons and institutions affected by EU sanctions against Libya in 2011

In the wake of the uprising in Libya in 2011 , the German accounts of the Libyan Investment Authority and its leaders were blocked on March 10, 2011.

Current situation

Due to the civil war in Libya , the ownership structure and the legal representation of the LIA are controversial.

Web links

• LIA website under the control of Breish
• LIA website under the control of Bouhadi (in exile in Malta)
• Web presence of the Libya Africa Portfolio for Investments (LAP), accessed on March 25, 2011.
• Web presence of the Libyan Arab African Investment Company (LAAICO), accessed on March 25, 2011.
• Web presence of the Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO) Accessed March 25, 2011.
• Website of the Economic and Social Development Fund (ESDF) Accessed on March 28, 2011.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} swfinstitute.org
2. ^ Sovereignfundscentral.com
3. ↑ Abdulmagid Breish resumes leadership of Libyan Investment Authority ( Memento of 19 February 2016 Internet Archive ) 19, May 2015
4. ↑ ^{a b} Arne Gottschalk: The dispute over the Libyan oil billions leaves lawyers at a loss. In: manager-magazin.de. May 27, 2015, accessed August 1, 2015 . 
5. ^ Resolution of the Libyan Investment Authority's Board of Trustees. Concerning the Appointment of a Chairman for the Libyan Investment Authority ( Memento from June 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), October 11, 2014
6. ↑ admin.ch (PDF file; 122 kB)
7. ↑ newswire.ca
8. ↑ taighde.com ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
9. ↑ taighde.com ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
10. ↑ wikileaks.ch ( Memento from April 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
11. ↑ huffingtonpost.com
12. ↑ lafico.ly ( Memento from October 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
13. ↑ goliath.ecnext.com ( Memento from August 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
14. ↑ unicreditgroup.eu ( Memento from June 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
15. ↑ bloomberg.com
16. ↑ businessinsider.com
17. ↑ goliath.ecnext.com ( Memento of the original from August 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
18. ↑ juventus.com ( Memento from February 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
19. ↑ eni.com (PDF; 6.36 MB)
20. ↑ af.reuters.com
21. ↑ https://taz.de/!5125159/
22. ↑ ^{a b} The world in hand, How the Gaddafi clan got fabulously rich .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Capital , February 28, 2011  
23. ↑ goliath.ecnext.com ( Memento of the original from August 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
24. ↑ ihiplc.com ( Memento from June 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
25. ↑ stol.it ( Memento from March 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
26. ↑ Billions from Ghadhafi unmolested . In: NZZ on Sunday , February 27, 2011
27. ↑ magazin-forum.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
28. ↑ nzz.ch
29. ↑ allafrica.com
30. ^ Sovereignfundscentral.com
31. ↑ laaico.com ( Memento from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
32. ^ Sovereignfundscentral.com
33. ^ Sovereignfundscentral.com
34. ↑ laaico.com ( Memento of the original from January 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
35. ↑ glahco.com
36. ↑ glahco.com ( Memento of the original from April 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
37. ↑ af.reuters.com
38. ↑ laaico.com ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
39. ↑ lap.systrix.com ( Memento of the original from April 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
40. ↑ lap.systrix.com  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
41. ↑ rascomstar.com ( Memento from July 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
42. ↑ http://www.laptech.ly/ not available, March 26, 2011
43. ↑ animaweb.org ( Memento from December 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
44. ↑ lusakatimes.com
45. ↑ telegeography.com
46. ↑ bs.teilar.gr ( Memento from July 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 1012 kB)
47. ↑ af.reuters.com
48. ↑ ihsglobalinsight.com
49. ↑ esdf.ly ( Memento of the original from February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
50. ↑ esdf.ly ( Memento of the original from March 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
51. ↑ Sovereign-wealth funds - asset-backed insecurity . In: The Economist , January 17, 2008
52. ↑ sovereignfundscentral.com (PDF)
53. ↑ Where are Libya's billions? Deutsche Welle, February 25, 2011
54. ↑ newsticker.sueddeutsche.de ( Memento from February 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
55. ↑ Mustafa Zarti announces resignation . In: Wiener Zeitung , March 4, 2011
56. ↑ stol.it ( Memento from March 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
57. ↑ Germany blocks accounts of the Libyan central bank. In: ORF . March 10, 2011, accessed March 10, 2011 .