List of Iron Hands

The list of iron hands provides an overview of the iron hands , mechanical hand and arm prostheses known today , which were created in Central Europe from the 15th century. According to the research situation, the list is not exhaustive.

Iron hands can be roughly divided into three assemblies. The first, the oldest, has only a single finger block that can be moved in the base joint ( 1B in the table). A further development has two independent finger blocks, which consist of an index and middle finger and a ring and little finger ( 2B in the table); most of the specimens in this group date from the 16th century. A little later, however, artificial hands with individually movable fingers appeared ( E in the table). In many Iron Hands, the thumb is mechanically linked, if not rigid, to the movement of the first finger block.

One of the most famous iron hand prostheses is the younger of the two art hands of the Frankish imperial knight Gottfried “Götz” von Berlichingen . It is also one of the few specimens in which the fingers are mobile in all joints, not just in the base joint.

list

Surname	Dating	Design	Remarks	Repository	Illustration
First hand from Florence	15th century	1B	right hand, thumb rigid; from the collection of Frederick Stibbert (1838–1906)	Museo Stibbert , Florence, inv. No. 3817
Iron hand in the Musée d'art et d'histoire Friborg	1476	1B	right handicraft; probably made by the art locksmith Ulrich Wagner on behalf of the Freiburg City Council (Switzerland)	Musée d'art et d'histoire de Friborg , Inv.-No. MAHF 7611
Milan prosthetic arm	early 16th century	1B	right arm prosthesis, mechanical elbow joint, thumb rigid; earlier dated to the 17th century	Museo Poldi Pezzoli , Milan, Inv.-No. 945
Icefields hand	16th century	2 B	left hand, thumb rigid, 525 g; is said to have belonged to Friedrich von Waldan or Walthen (around 1547)	Museum Otto Ludwig, Eisfeld
First Nuremberg hand	16th century	2 B	left hand “of youthful size”, forearm shaft windowed, thumb flexible; from the collection of the castle in Nuremberg	F. W. Paul Collection , Berlin
Grüninger hand	16th century	2 B	right arm prosthesis, forearm partly made of wood, six-stage elbow joint, rigid thumb, 1290 g; Falsely attributed to Götz von Berlichingen and kept for a long time at Grüningen Castle	German Historical Museum , Berlin, inv. No. AK 2016/26
Arm prosthesis from the Baden area	early 16th century	2 B	left arm prosthesis, elbow without mechanics, thumb movable; Acquired in 1904 by the Kaiserin-Friedrich-Haus Berlin	unknown
Hand from the collection of Count Wilczek	16th century	2 B	left hand prosthesis, without mechanism; supposedly from France	unknown
Hand from the Zschille weapon collection	16th century		Thumb rigid; from the collection of Richard Zschille from Großenhain	unknown
First Jagsthausen hand	circa 1510	2 B	right hand, flexible thumb; first iron hand of the knight Götz von Berlichingen	Jagsthausen Castle Museum
Altruppin hand	early 16th century	2 B	left hand, flexible thumb; formerly wrongly dated “around 1400”	Neuruppin Local History Museum
Hand and arm prosthesis from the Hamonic Collection	16th century		right arm prosthesis, without mechanism; from the collection of Noel and P. Hamonic	Science Museum , London, inv. A121470
Iron hand in the Science Museum	16th century		left hand craft	Science Museum , London, inv. A634417
Iron hand in the Musées de la Ville de Rouen			right handicraft	Musées de la Ville de Rouen , inv. No. LS 20005.1.6
Iron hand from the Hamonic Collection	1560-1600		from the collection of Noel and P. Hamonic	Science Museum , London, Inv-No. A121449
Darmstadt hand	16./17. Century	2 B	Right hand craft, three-step locking, flexible thumb, 37.5 cm, 1147 g	Hessian State Museum Darmstadt
Skokloster hand	16./17. Century	2 B	right hand craft, four-step locking, flexible thumb, 36.5 × 9 cm, 840 g; Attributed to Carl Gustaf Güntherfelt	Skokloster Castle , inv. No. 12286
Iron hand from Vransko	16./17. Century	2 B	right hand, three-step locking, thumb rigid, 795 g; Discovered in 1907 in the ruins of Vransko Castle	Univerzitetni rehabilitcijski inštitut, Ljubljana
Iron hand in the RothenburgMuseum	2nd half of the 16th century	2 B	left hand craft from Germany, indicated fingernails; Hand can be opened to put on	RothenburgMuseum , Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Iron hand in the Science Museum	17th century	2 B	right handicraft	Science Museum , London, inv. A69335
Wunsiedler hand	early 18th century	2 B	left hand craft, 38 cm, approx. 800 g, thumb made of wood; Attributed to Johannes Heß (1661–1729)	Fichtelgebirgsmuseum , Wunsiedel, Inv-No. 909
Ingolstadt hand	16th century	E.	Left child's hand, external mechanism, rigid thumb, 14.5 × 9.8 cm, 200 g	Bavarian Army Museum , Ingolstadt, Inv-No. A 6495
Iron Hand in the Howard Dittrick Museum	early 16th century	E.	left hand craft	Howard Dittrick Museum of Historical Medicine , Cleveland
Carslogie hand	16th century	E.	right hand, thumb no longer present; is said to have belonged to a member of the Clephane of Carslogie family	unknown
Second Nuremberg hand	16./17. Century	E.	Right youthful handicraft, brass and iron, five-step detent, adjustable / supinable, flexible thumb, actuation by two screws, 800 g; was previously dated to the 18th century	Germanisches Nationalmuseum , Nuremberg
Second hand from Florence	15./16. Century	E.	left hand, thumb rigid; from the collection of Frederick Stibbert (1838–1906)	Museo Stibbert , Florence, inv. No. 3816
Third hand from Florence	16th century	E.	right hand, thumb movable in two joints, artistically designed recesses in the back of the hand; from the collection of Frederick Stibbert (1838–1906)	Museo Stibbert , Florence, inv. No. 3818
Fourth hand and arm replacement from Florence	early 16th century	E.	right arm prosthesis, upper arm part rotatable, mechanical elbow joint, thumb rigid; from the collection of Frederick Stibbert (1838–1906)	Museo Stibbert , Florence, inv. No. 3819
Iron Hand in the Oxford University Museum	16th century	E.	left hand craft	Oxford University Museum of Natural History , Inv.-No. 43156
Stockholm hand	17th century	E.	left handicraft, four-step locking, thumb movable, windowed bracer, 44.5 × 11.2 cm, 1480 g; is said to have come to Sweden as booty from Warsaw during the Second Northern War	Livrustkammaren , Stockholm, inv. No. LRK 5059 (5787: 103)
Second Jagsthauser hand	circa 1530	E.	right hand hand, pro- / supinable, fingers movable in all joints; second iron hand of the knight Götz von Berlichingen	Jagsthausen Castle Museum
Balbronn hand	before 1564	E.	left arm prosthesis with artificial elbow joint, fingers movable in all joints; from the same manufacturer as the second Jagsthausen hand	Musée Historique , Strasbourg , inv. No. MH 4052a and b (reconstruction: MH 4053)
Prosthetic hand in the British Museum	16th century	E.	left hand craft, flexible thumb, 18 cm long, 326 g; from the Crosthwaite Museum ( Keswick )	British Museum , London, inv. No. 1870,1013.38
Hand prosthesis in the Musée d'Histoire de la Médecine	16th century		Right hand prosthesis of the type described by Ambroise Paré in his Œvres (published 1575), possibly made by the “little Lorrain ” named there ( le petit Lorrain ).	Musée d'Histoire de la Médecine , Paris
Prosthetic hand at the Art Institute of Chicago	late 16th century		Left hand prosthesis made of steel, European, from the George F. Harding Collection.	Art Institute of Chicago , Inv.-No. 1982.2674
Prosthetic hand in the National Trust Collections	1500-1699	E.	left hand art, flexible thumb	Cotehele House , inv. No. 347324
Brunswick hand	17th century	E.	left arm prosthesis, elbow joint not preserved, fingers movable in all joints (flexion by wing screws), hand pro- / supinable; probably falsely Christian von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel attributed	Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum , Braunschweig, Inv.-No. WAF 11
Hand and arm prostheses in the Musée d'Histoire de la Médecine	17th century (?)		Hand and arm prosthesis with movable elbow joint	Musée d'Histoire de la Médecine , Paris
Iron hand in the Discovery Museum	19th century (?)	E.	Left hand prosthesis, thumb and parts of the mechanism are missing	Discovery Museum , Newcastle , inv. TWCMS: C5277
Prosthetic hand and arm in the Science Museum	19th century	E.	left arm prosthesis, mechanical elbow joint; from the collection of Henry Welcome	Science Museum , London, inv. A602817

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1B The fingers are combined into a single block that can move in the base joint.
2B Two fingers are combined to form a movable block in the base joint.
E The fingers can be moved individually

literature

• Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity: the development from the first evidence to the present day. Enke, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-432-94591-4 .

Web links

Commons : Iron Hands  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ Liebhard Löffler: News from old hands. Newly discovered and so far hardly noticed arm and hand prostheses. In: Orthopedic technology. No. 5, 1981, pp. 75-81.
2. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 10 f.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Vittorio Putti: Historical Prostheses. In: Journal of Hand Surgery. Vol. 30, No. 3, Edinburgh 2005, ISSN  0266-7681 , pp. 310-325.
4. ^ Raoul Blanchard: Ulrich Wagner: Eiserne Kunsthand (1476). Pages of the MKGF, 2000-2, Freiburg i. Üe. 2000.
5. ^ Wagner Ulrich, main artificielle ( memento from November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) at the E-Collection MAHF
6. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 11 f.
7. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 12 f.
8. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 13 f.
9. ↑ A Rare German Prosthetic Hand, circa 1580 on myarmoury.com
10. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 14 ff.
11. ↑ The Grüninger Hand on sothebys.com
12. ↑ New acquisition: Arm prosthesis “Grüninger Hand” on dhm.de.
13. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 17 ff.
14. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 19.
15. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 19.
16. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 23 ff.
17. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 27 f.
18. ↑ Description on sciencemuseum.org.uk
19. ↑ Artificial left hand and forearm, Europe, 1501-1600 at sciencemuseum.org.uk
20. ↑ Prothèse de bras en fer forgé ( Memento of December 6, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) on musees-haute-normandie.fr
21. ↑ Iron artificial arm, 1560-1600 ( Memento from February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on sciencemuseum.org.uk
22. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 29 f.
23. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 31 f.
24. ↑ Järnhand on emuseumplus.lsh.se
25. ↑ Črt Marinček: The iron hand from Slovenia. In: John Hughes, Norman A. Jacobs (Eds.): Prosthetics and Orthotics International. Vol. 16, No. 3 (December 1992), Clark, Glasgow 1992, pp. 153-156, doi : 10.3109 / 03093649209164333 .
26. ↑ Figure ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on uni-lj.si
27. ↑ Original description in the RothenburgMuseum
28. ↑ Artificial hand and forearm, 17th century. ( Memento of April 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) on sciencemuseum.org.uk
29. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 35 f.
30. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 37 f.
31. ↑ Photo on armeemuseum.de
32. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 38 f.
33. ^ Sharon Romm: Arms by Design: From Antiquity to the Renaissance. In: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . Vol. 84, No. 1 (July 1989), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 158-163 (here: pp. 161 ff.).
34. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 39 f. Löffler erroneously writes Carlslogy .
35. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 40 ff.
36. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 42 f.
37. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 43
38. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 43 ff.
39. ↑ Artificial Hand ( Memento from February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on mhs.ox.ac.uk
40. ↑ Mekanisk arm on emuseumplus.lsh.se
41. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 47 f.
42. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 48 ff.
43. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 65 f.
44. ↑ Artificial hand on britishmuseum.org
45. ↑ Photo on tripadvisor.com
46. ↑ See Liebhard Löffler: The substitute for the upper extremity. P. 187.
47. ↑ Left Hand Prosthetic on artic.edu
48. ^ Mechanical arm on nationaltrust.org
49. ^ Alfred Walz: The metal arm prosthesis of the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum in Braunschweig. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 18, 1999, pp. 55-63.
50. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The Braunschweiger Hand and Duke Christian II .: Age determination and builder occupation group. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 18, 1999, pp. 65-74, ISSN  0177-5227 .
51. ^ Helmut Mayer: Christian the Younger, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel (1599–1626). In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 18, 1999, pp. 33-53.
52. ^ Liebhard Löffler: The Braunschweiger Hand and Duke Christian II .: Age determination and builder occupation group. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 18, 1999, pp. 65-74; especially p. 69.
53. ↑ Photo on iamlisawood.com
54. ↑ Photo on tripadvisor.com
55. ↑ Artificial hand at Google Arts & Culture
56. ↑ Artificial arm, 1840–1900 ( Memento from February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on sciencemuseum.org.uk