List of Dead Sea Bible manuscripts
The list of Bible manuscripts from the Dead Sea includes manuscripts with Bible texts under the Dead Sea Scrolls (a maximum of 207 in total), including texts in which the quotation, retelling and interpretation of the Old Testament merge (so-called Rewritten Bible ).
The scrolls from Qumran are named after the location (caves No. 1–11) with a capital Q and a consecutive number for the respective find. Another system names the fonts according to their content (abbreviated book title), several copies of them with superscripted letters. The same system is used for the scrolls from the other localities.
Most of the texts were written on thinly tanned goatskin or sheepskin ( parchment ); only in a few cases marked here on papyrus .
Important manuscripts
Outstanding scrolls and fragments of biblical manuscripts are
Hebrew manuscripts
- Large Isaiah scroll 1QJes a , 2nd century BC BC, oldest surviving manuscript of a biblical book at all
- Great scroll of psalms 11Q5 / 11QPs a , 1st century BC Chr., Oldest surviving compilation of part of the Psalms, in a different order from later texts and with additional texts, some of which are otherwise unknown
- Small Isaiah scroll 1QJes b , 1st century BC BC, incomplete role of the book of Isaiah
- Samuel fragments , 3rd to 1st century BC BC, older version of the Samuel books
- 4Q52 , 4Q17 , 3rd century BC BC, oldest reliably datable fragments of biblical texts
Greek manuscripts
- Twelve prophets scroll from Nachal Chever 8HevXIIgr, 1st century, oldest almost completely preserved Greek manuscript of biblical books
- 4Q122 , 2nd century, second oldest surviving Greek Bible fragment
- 4Q119 , 4Q120 , 4Q121 , 7Q1 , 7Q2 , every 1st century BC BC, belong to the oldest surviving Septuagint fragments
Finds from 11 caves near Qumran
| Signature 1 | Signature 2 | content | font | Papyri |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Q1 | gene | Hebrew | ||
| 1Q2 | Ex | Hebrew | ||
| 1Q3, fragments 1-15 | a | Lev - Num | ancient Hebrew | |
| 1Q3, fragments 16-22 | b | Num | ancient Hebrew | |
| 1Q3, fragments 23-24 | Lev? | ancient Hebrew | ||
| 1Q4 | a | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 1Q5 | b | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 1Q6 | Ri | Hebrew | ||
| 1Q7 | 1 / 2Sam | Hebrew | ||
| 1QIsa a | a | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 1Q8 | b | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 1Q9 | Ez | Hebrew | ||
| 1Q10 | a | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 1Q11 | b | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 1Q12 | c | Ps 44 | Hebrew | |
| 1Q13 | Tefillin | Hebrew | ||
| 1Q71 | a | Daniel | Hebrew | |
| 1Q72 | b | Dan | Hebrew | |
| 2Q1 | gene | Hebrew | ||
| 2Q2 | a | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 2Q3 | b | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 2Q4 | c | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 2Q5 | Lev | ancient Hebrew | ||
| 2Q6 | a | Num | Hebrew | |
| 2Q7 | b | Num | Hebrew | |
| 2Q8 | c | Num | Hebrew | |
| 2Q9 | d | Num | Hebrew | |
| 2Q10 | a | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 2Q11 | b | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 2Q12 | c | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 2Q13 | Jer | Hebrew | ||
| 2Q14 | Ps 103-104 | Hebrew | ||
| 2Q15 | Hi | Hebrew | ||
| 2Q16 | Ruth | Hebrew | ||
| 2Q17 | Ruth | Hebrew | ||
| 3Q1 | Ez | Hebrew | ||
| 3Q2 | Ps 2 | Hebrew | ||
| 3Q3 | Klgl | Hebrew | ||
| 4Q1 | a | Gen-Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q2 | b | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q3 | c | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q4 | d | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q5 | e | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q6 | f | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q7 | G | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q8 | h1 | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q8a | h2 | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q8b | h-para | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q8c | h-title | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q9 | j | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q10 | k | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q11 | l | Gen-Ex | ancient Hebrew | |
| 4Q12 | m | gene | ancient Hebrew | |
| 4Q12a | p | gene | Hebrew | |
| 4Q13 | b | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q14 | c | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q15 | d | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q16 | e | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q17 | f | Ex-lev | Hebrew | |
| 4Q18 | G | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q19 | H | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q20 | j | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q21 | k | Ex | Hebrew | |
| 4Q22 | m | Ex | ancient Hebrew | |
| 4Q23 | a | Lev Num | Hebrew | |
| 4Q24 | b | Lev | Hebrew | |
| 4Q25 | c | Lev | Hebrew | |
| 4Q26 | d | Lev | Hebrew | |
| 4Q26a | e | Lev | Hebrew | |
| 4Q26b | G | Lev | Hebrew | |
| 4Q27 | b | Num | Hebrew | |
| 4Q28 | a | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q29 | b | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q30 | c | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q31 | d | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q32 | e | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q33 | f | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q34 | G | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q35 | H | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q36 | i | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q37 | j | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q38 | k1 | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q38a | k2 | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q38b | k3 | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q38c | t | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q38d | u | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q39 | l | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q40 | m | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q41 | n | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q42 | O | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q43 | p | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q44 | q | Dtn | Hebrew | |
| 4Q45 | r | Dtn | ancient Hebrew | |
| 4Q46 | s | Dtn | ancient Hebrew | |
| 4Q47 | a | Jos | Hebrew | |
| 4Q48 | b | Jos | Hebrew | |
| 4Q49 | a | Ri | Hebrew | |
| 4Q50 | b | Ri | Hebrew | |
| 4Q51 | a | Sam | Hebrew | |
| 4Q52 | b | Sam | Hebrew | |
| 4Q53 | c | Sam | Hebrew | |
| 4Q54 | Kings | Hebrew | ||
| 4Q55 | a | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q56 | b | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q57 | c | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q58 | d | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q59 | e | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q60 | f | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q61 | G | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q62 | H | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q62a | i | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q63 | j | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q64 | k | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q65 | l | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q66 | m | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q67 | n | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q68 | O | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q69 | p | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q69a | q | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q69b | r | Isa | Hebrew | |
| 4Q70 | a | Jer | Hebrew | |
| 4Q71 | b | Jer | Hebrew | |
| 4Q72 | c | Jer | Hebrew | |
| 4Q72a | d | Jer | Hebrew | |
| 4Q72b | e | Jer | Hebrew | |
| 4Q73 | a | Ez | Hebrew | |
| 4Q74 | b | Ez | Hebrew | |
| 4Q75 | c | Ez | Hebrew | |
| 4Q76 | a | Dodk | Hebrew | |
| 4Q77 | b | Dodk | Hebrew | |
| 4Q78 | c | Dodk | Hebrew | |
| 4Q79 | d | Dodk | Hebrew | |
| 4Q80 | e | Dodk | Hebrew | |
| 4Q81 | f | Dodk | Hebrew | |
| 4Q82 | G | Dodk | Hebrew | |
| 4Q83 | a | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q84 | b | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q85 | c | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q86 | d | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q87 | e | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q88 | f | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q89 | G | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q90 | H | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q91 | j | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q92 | k | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q93 | l | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q94 | m | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q95 | n | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q96 | O | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q97 | p | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98 | q | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98a | r | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98b | s | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98c | t | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98d | u | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98e | v | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98f | w | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q98g | x | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 4Q99 | a | Hi | Hebrew | |
| 4Q100 | b | Hi | Hebrew | |
| 4Q101 | c | Hi | ancient Hebrew | |
| 4Q102 | a | Spr | Hebrew | |
| 4Q103 | b | Spr | Hebrew | |
| 4Q103a | c | Spr | Hebrew | |
| 4Q104 | a | Ruth | Hebrew | |
| 4Q105 | b | Ruth | Hebrew | |
| 4Q106 | a | Hld | Hebrew | |
| 4Q107 | b | Hld | Hebrew | |
| 4Q108 | c | Hld | Hebrew | |
| 4Q109 | a | Koh | Hebrew | |
| 4Q110 | b | Koh | Hebrew | |
| 4Q111 | Klgl | Hebrew | ||
| 4Q112 | a | Dan | Hebrew | |
| 4Q113 | b | Dan | Hebrew | |
| 4Q114 | c | Dan | Hebrew | |
| 4Q115 | d | Dan | Hebrew | |
| 4Q116 | e | Dan | Hebrew | |
| 4Q117 | Esra | Hebrew | ||
| 4Q118 | 1 Chron | Hebrew | ||
| 4Q119 | a | Lev | Greek | |
| 4Q120 | b | Lev | Greek | X |
| 4Q121 | Num | Greek | ||
| 4Q122 | Dtn | Greek | ||
| 4Q123 | Jos * | ancient Hebrew | ||
| 4Q127 | Ex* | Greek | X | |
| 4Q156 | Lev, Targum | Aramaic | X? | |
| 5Q1 | Dtn | Hebrew | ||
| 5Q2 | 1Kön | Hebrew | ||
| 5Q3 | Isa | Hebrew | ||
| 5Q4 | At the | Hebrew | ||
| 5Q5 | Ps 119 | Hebrew | ||
| 5Q6 | a | Klgl | Hebrew | |
| 5Q7 | b | Klgl | Hebrew | |
| 5Q8 | Tefillin | Hebrew | ||
| 6Q1 | gene | ancient Hebrew | ||
| 6Q2 | Lev | ancient Hebrew | ||
| 6Q3 | Dtn (?) | Hebrew | X | |
| 6Q4 | 1 / 2Kön | Hebrew | ||
| 6Q5 | Ps (?) | Hebrew | X | |
| 6Q6 | Hld | Hebrew | ||
| 6Q7 | Dan | Hebrew | X | |
| 6Q19 | gene | Hebrew | ||
| 6Q20 | Dtn | Hebrew | ||
| 7Q1 | Ex | Greek | X | |
| 7Q2 | EpJer | Greek | X | |
| 7Q3 | ? | Greek | X | |
| 7Q4 | 1Tim? | Greek | X | |
| 7Q5 | Mark? | Greek | X | |
| 7Q6 | Mark? | Greek | X | |
| 7Q8 | Jak.? | Greek | X | |
| 8Q1 | gene | Hebrew | ||
| 8Q2 | Ps 17-18 | Hebrew | ||
| 8Q3 | Tefillin Ex, Dtn | Hebrew | ||
| 11Q1 | a | Lev | ancient Hebrew | |
| 11Q2 | b | Lev | Hebrew | |
| 11Q3 | Dtn | Hebrew | ||
| 11Q4 | Ez | Hebrew | ||
| 11Q5 Great scroll of psalms | Ps | Hebrew | ||
| 11Q6 | b | Ps 141, 133, 144, 118 | Hebrew | |
| 11Q7 | c | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 11Q8 | d | Ps | Hebrew | |
| 11Q9 | e | Ps 36-37, 86 | Hebrew |
Finds from other places in the Judean desert
| Location | signature | content |
|---|---|---|
| Wadi Murabba'at | Mur 1a (MurGen) | gene |
| Wadi Murabba'at | Mur 1b (MurEx) | Ex |
| Wadi Murabba'at | Mur 1c (MurNum) | Num |
| Wadi Murabba'at | Mur 2 (MurDeut) | Dtn |
| Wadi Murabba'at | Mur 3 (MurIsa) | Isa |
| Wadi Murabba'at | Mur 88 (MurXII) | XII |
| Wadi Sdeir | Sdeir 1 (SdeirGen) | gene |
| Nachal Arugot | Arug 1 (ArugLev) | Lev |
| Nachal Chever | 5 / 6Hev 41 (5 / 6HevNum) | Num |
| Nachal Chever | 5 / 6Hev 40 (5 / 6HevPs) | Ps |
| Nachal Chever | 8Hev 1 (8HevXII gr) | XII |
| Nachal Ze'elim | 34Ṣe 2 (34ṢeNum) | Num |
| not clear | XHev / Se 1 (XHev / SeNum a ) | Num |
| not clear | XHev / Se 2 (XHev / SeNum b ) | Num |
| not clear | XHev / Se 3 (XHev / SeDeut) | Dtn |
Individual evidence
- ↑ Émile Puech: Identification de nouveaux manuscrits bibliques: Deutéronome et Proverbes dans les débris de la Grotte 4. In: Revue de Qumran. Paris 20.2001, 121-127. ISSN 0035-1725
- ↑ Eibert JC Tigchelaar: A Forgotten Qumran Cave 4 Deuteronomy Fragment (4Q38 d = 4QDeut u ). In: Revue de Qumran. Paris 23.2008, pp. 525-528. ISSN 0035-1725 (here p. 527)
- ↑ Eibert JC Tigchelaar: A Forgotten Qumran Cave 4 Deuteronomy Fragment (4Q38 d = 4QDeut u ). In: Revue de Qumran. Paris 23.2008, pp. 525-528. ISSN 0035-1725
literature
- George J. Brooke, John M. Allegro , Beate Ego: Biblia Qumranica 3B: Minor Prophets. Brill, Leiden 2005. ISBN 90-04-14330-0
- Emanuel Tov : Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert . Brill, Leiden / Boston 2010. ISBN 90-04-17949-6
- Eugene Ulrich: The Biblical Qumran Scrolls. Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 134. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2010. ISBN 90-04-18038-9
Web links
- Caves and contents. (Biblical Archeology Society website)
- MA Hoselton: Directory of the manuscripts from Qumran.