Horn clover
Horn clover | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
lotus | ||||||||||||
L. |
Horn clover ( lotus ) is a genus of plants in the subfamily butterfly family (Faboideae) within the legume family (Fabaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Horn clover species are annual or usually perennial herbaceous plants , rarely semi-shrubs to rarely shrubs .
The alternate leaves are usually sitting. Stipules are absent or are reduced to small, dark glands. Most species have pinnate leaf blades with three leaflets and two relatively large accessory leaflets at the base of the rhachis leaf , which can often be the same size as the leaflets, giving the impression of "five leaflets". The leaflets are sessile or have a very short stalk. Some species have pinnate leaf blades with 9 to 15 leaflets.
Generative characteristics
At the upper end of the stem, above a mostly relatively large, foliage -like bract on an inflorescence stem, a dold-like inflorescence that contains one to ten or more flowers is located. Most missing cover sheets or are rarely reduced to glands.
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused together like a bell or trumpet. The five calyx teeth are almost the same or the upper ones are longer, sometimes they are fused to two calyx lips. The corolla have the typical shape of the butterfly flower . Most species have yellow petals that turn green in the herbarium, more rarely pink, violet, brown or white petals , often with a reddish flag. The single carpel contains many to a few ovules .
The legumes are linear to egg-shaped, pencil-shaped to flattened, straight to horn-shaped, the latter led to the common name of the genus horn clover. In most species, the legumes open longitudinally. The almost spherical or lenticular seeds are smooth or rarely warty.
ecology
Horn clover species are adapted to a wide range of habitats, they occur from the coastal region to the high mountains.
Some foot trefoil species provide food of caterpillars of some butterflies like the mustard white butterfly and Icarus Bluebird is.
Systematics
The genus Lotus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, page 773. Synonyms for Lotus L. are: Bonjeanea Rchb. , Scandalida Adans. , Dorycnium Mill. , Miediega Bubani , Tetragonolobus Scop. , Mullaghera Bubani .
The lotus genus is divided into sections.
In the genus Hornklee ( Lotus ) there are 125 to 130 (up to 150) species. Here is a selection:
- Alpine horn clover ( Lotus alpinus (DC.) Schleicher ex Ramond ): It occurs in Europe and China.
- Narrow horn clover ( Lotus angustissimus L. ): It occurs in Europe, North Africa and Asia, but has also been abducted worldwide.
- Canarian horn clover ( Lotus berthelotii Masf. , Syn .: Lotus peliorhynchus Hook. F. ): The home is the Canaries .
- Two-flowered asparagus bean ( Lotus biflorus Desr. , Syn .: Tetranolobus biflorus (Desr.) Ser. ): It is native to southern Europe, Algeria and Tunisia .
- Slovak horn clover ( Lotus borbasii Ujhelyi ): It occurs in eastern Central Europe and in Southeastern Europe.
- Canary pine forest horn clover ( Lotus campylocladus Webb & Berthel. ): The home is the Canaries.
- Common horn clover ( Lotus corniculatus L. ): It occurs in Europe, Africa and Asia, but was also cultivated or transported around the world. Here also the variety:
- Crete horn clover ( Lotus creticus L. ): The home is southern Europe, North Africa and Western Asia with the Sinai Peninsula .
- Goat clover-like horn clover ( Lotus cytisoides L. ): It is native to southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
- Edible horn clover ( Lotus edulis L. ): It is native to southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
- Pink horn clover ( Lotus glinoides Delile ): It occurs in Morocco , Algeria, Libya and Egypt .
- Wire-haired horn clover ( Lotus hispidus DC. ): It is widespread in southern and western Europe, in North Africa and the Middle East and is a neophyte almost worldwide .
- Spotted horn clover ( Lotus maculatus Breitf. ): The home is the Canaries.
- Asparagus pea ( Lotus maritimus L. , Syn .: Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth ): It occurs in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
- Bird's foot-like horn clover ( Lotus ornithopodioides L. ): It is native to southern Europe, southeastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
- Marsh horn clover ( Lotus pedunculatus Cav. , Syn.Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr )
- Sitting-leaved horn clover ( Lotus sessilifolius DC. ): The home is the Canaries.
- Salt horn clover ( Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. Ex Willd. , Syn. Lotus glaber Mill. )
- Red asparagus bean ( Lotus tetragonolobus L .; Syn .: Tetragonolobus purpureus Moench ): Their home is southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa; in addition, it is also carried away.
- Vierblättriger Hornklee ( Lotus tetraphyllus L. ): The home is the Balearic Islands .
photos
Spotted horn clover ( lotus maculatus )
Asparagus pea ( Lotus maritimus )
Cretan horn clover ( Lotus creticus )
Wire-haired horn clover ( Lotus hispidus )
Marsh horn clover ( Lotus pedunculatus )
literature
- A. Brand: Monograph of the genus Lotus. In: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. , Volume 25: 1898, pp. 166-232.
- Peter William Ball, Anna Chrtková-Žertová: Lotus L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al .: Flora Europaea. Volume 2. Cambridge University Press 1968, pp. 173-176.
- Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos-Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora . Franckh Kosmos Verlag Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .
- Joseph H. Kirkbride Jr .: Lotus systematics and distribution. P. 1–20, In: PR Beuselinck (Ed.), Trefoil: the science and technology of Lotus. CSSA Special Publ. 28. Amer. Soc. Agron./Crop Sci. Soc. Amer., 1999.
- Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
- Zhi Wei, Tatiana E. Kramina, Dmitry D. Sokoloff: Loteae. : Lotus Linnaeus , pp. 316–319 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 10: Fabaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 .
- Tatiana E. Kramina, Galina V. Degtjareva, Tahir H. Samigullin, Carmen M. Valiejo-Roman, Joseph H. Kirkbride Jr., Sergei Volis, Tao Deng, Dmitry D. Sokoloff: Phylogeny of Lotus (Leguminosae: Loteae): Partial incongruence between nrITS and plastid markers and biogeographic implications. In: Taxon , Volume 65, October 2016, pp. 997-1018. doi : 10.12705 / 655.4
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Zhi Wei, Tatiana E. Kramina, Dmitry D. Sokoloff: Loteae. : Lotus Linnaeus , pp. 316–319 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 10: Fabaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 .
- ↑ Lotus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 30, 2018.
- ↑ a b Tatiana E. Kramina, Galina V. Degtjareva, Tahir H. Samigullin, Carmen M. Valiejo-Roman, Joseph H. Kirkbride Jr., Sergei Volis, Tao Deng, Dmitry D. Sokoloff: Phylogeny of Lotus (Leguminosae: Loteae ): Partial incongruence between nrITS and plastid markers and biogeographic implications. In: Taxon , Volume 65, October 2016, pp. 997-1018. doi : 10.12705 / 655.4
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r data sheet at International Legume Database Information Service = ILDIS - LegumeWeb - World Database of Legumes , Version 10.38 from July 20, 2010.
Web links
- Lotus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Lotus at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Lotus at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Lotus at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis