Manilkara

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Manilkara
Pear Apple Tree (Manilkara zapota)

Pear Apple Tree ( Manilkara zapota )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Order : Heather-like (Ericales)
Family : Sapot family (Sapotaceae)
Subfamily : Sapotoideae
Genre : Manilkara
Scientific name
Manilkara
Adans.

Manilkara is a genus of plants in the sapotaceae family. It iswidespreadin the tropics . Some species use the wood, the milky sap and / or the fruit as fruit. Some species such as Manilkara gonavensis in Haiti and Manilkara spectabilis in Costa Rica are endangered, while other species are threatened and are on the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species.

description

Illustration of the pear apple tree ( Manilkara zapota )

Vegetative characteristics

Manilkara species grow as trees and bushes. They contain milk juice . The bark is woolly or hairy.

The alternate often standing in rosette-like clusters on the ends of branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leathery leaf blades are simple with a rounded to wedge-shaped base and a blunt to pointed top. The leaf surfaces are hairy or glabrous. There are usually numerous parallel, less noticeable side nerves. There are either no stipules or they fall off early.

Generative characteristics

The long-stalked flowers sit in fascicles or, less often, individually in leaf axils or on bare nodes . The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and mostly threefold. There are two unequal circles, usually three, less often two (only in one species) or four sepals ; they are often densely hairy on the outside. The mostly six petals are fused with tubes at their base and each petal ends seemingly deep three-lobed but has two appendages. The six fertile stamens are relatively short and start at the upper end of the corolla tube. The anthers are relatively short with a length of about 1.5 mm. The fertile stamens alternate with the six bald, corolla-like, upright or curved staminodes or, more rarely, other fertile stamens. Six to 14 carpels are at a bare or frequently fluffy hairy, Upper permanent, six- to 14-kammerigen ovary grown.

The bald, ellipsoidal to more or less spherical, fleshy berries contain one or more (up to ten) seeds. The laterally flattened (brown) seeds contain plenty of endosperm . The hilum is linear.

distribution

The genus Manilkara is widespread in the tropics . They occur from Florida via Mexico , via Central America and the Caribbean Islands to South America , as well as in Asia , Africa and Madagascar , as well as on the Pacific islands . About 15 species occur in Africa. There are only two species in North America , both only in Florida.

Systematics

The genus Manilkara was established in 1763 by Michel Adanson in Familles des Plantes (Adanson) , 2, p. 166, 574. Type species is Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard . Synonyms for Manilkara Adans. are: Achras L. , Chiclea Lundell , Eichleria Hartog , Mahea Pierre , Manilkariopsis (Gilly) Lundell , Mopania Lundell , Murianthe (Baill.) Aubrév. , Muriea Hartog , Murieanthe (Baill.) Aubrév. , Nispero Aubrév. , Northiopsis Kaneh. , Sapota Mill. , Shaferodendron Gilly , Stisseria Scop. , Synarrhena fish. & CAMey. The genus Manilkara belongs to the tribe Sapoteae in the subfamily Sapotoideae within the family Sapotaceae .

Balata tree ( Manilkara bidentata ), felled
Manilkara dardanoi , blooming
Manilkara dardanoi , fruiting
Manilkara hexandra
Manilkara huberi , fruits
Foliage leaves and fruit of Manilkara jaimiqui concentrated at the branch ends in the natural habitat
Manilkara mochisia
Pear Apple Tree ( Manilkara zapota )

The genus Manilkara includes (depending on the author about 50 to) about 80 species:

use

For example, Manilkara celebica , Manilkara fasciculata , Manilkara hexandra , Manilkara kanosensis provide wood that is traded under the names sawo (ID), sawah (MY), duyok-duyok (PH), sner (PG), khayah rgn (MM). It is not protected by CITES regulations . The dense and hard wood is processed into bridge piles, wheel spokes, posts, railway sleepers, etc.

Non-elastic rubber is obtained from the milky sap of some Manilkara species. The extract from the seeds has been used as an anthelmintic and eye medicine.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Enter "Manilkara" in the search mask at IUCN.
  2. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  3. ^ Manilkara at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ Manilkara in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Manilkara. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  6. ↑ Manilkara excisa in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on last September 28, 2011.
  7. ↑ Manilkara gonavensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on last Sept. 28, 2011.
  8. ↑ Manilkara mayarensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: Areces-Mallea, AE, 1998. Retrieved on last September 28, 2011.
  9. ↑ Manilkara spectabilis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2011. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Retrieved on last September 28, 2011.
  10. ↑ Entry in Timber from DELTA.
  11. ^ A b Richard P. Wunderlin & R. David Whetstone: Manilkara in der Flora of North America : Volume 8, 2009, p. 234: Online.

Web links

Commons : Manilkara  - collection of images, videos and audio files