Martha Muchow

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Martha Muchow (born September 25, 1892 in Hamburg , † September 29, 1933 in Hamburg) was a German psychologist .

Life

Martha Marie was the first of two children of customs inspector Johannes Muchow and his wife Dorothee Muchow, nee. Korff. After graduating from high school (1912), she completed a one-year teacher training course. Martha Muchow then taught for two years at a girls' college in Tondern and in her free time attended lectures by William Stern at the Colonial Institute, the forerunner of the university, in Hamburg. Before starting her studies in psychology, philosophy and literary history in 1919, she worked as a teacher at primary schools in Hamburg. In 1923 she received her doctorate summa cum laude with a thesis on studies in the psychology of educators . Investigations into developmental psychology of children and adolescents as well as educational psychology followed. She dealt with pre-school education and published her research results in 1929 in the book "Psychological Problems of Early Education". Martha Muchow, "who, with her scientific research , sharpened awareness of the psychological characteristics of early childhood social, thought and conscious development, with special consideration of Friedrich Froebel's position ," summed up that the "pedagogy of early childhood [...] is undoubtedly a particularly careful one child and educational psychological support ”.

Martha Muchow had been a permanent employee of the renowned specialist magazine Kindergarten since 1926 . At the same time, she was in close contact with the Froebel movement and the Froebel seminar in Hamburg, where she taught psychology. She was a supporter of Friedrich Froebel, about whose educational ideas and idea of ​​the kindergarten she wrote:

“It is not a system and a method that Froebel ultimately tried to shape. It is a new view of the meaning that lies in the coexistence of adults and children that he opens up, and a new form of intercourse with children that he encourages in his writings and exemplifies in his kindergarten. Anyone who, like so many, sees Froebel only as the methodologist of bringing up young children, absolutely misunderstands him. It is not a question of a method, but of a new understanding of the roles in the educational situation. Even the kindergarten is originally by no means an educational institution for small children, but the union of the adult world in order to preserve or create the living space for the child out of his new attitude, which it needs, according to his role in life [...] The whole of Froebel's educational ideas , whose basic notions created and sustained the German kindergarten, is so rich and in so many places so surprisingly close to our time that if you try to shed light on it, you can only bring a part to light. "

She also commented on the very lively discussion of Maria Montessori's pedagogy in the 1920s . With reference to the educational psychology, which at the time was more distinctive in schools, and the reform work of Maria Montessori in school education, she noted:

“Up until then, the efforts of scientific-experimental pedagogy had focused on individual limited problems in teaching and didactics; certainly some encouraging ideas from their findings had already penetrated the school lessons [...] but the creation and implementation of a new type of school to such an extent as represented by the children's home or the Montessori elementary class, [...] what Ms. Montessori demonstrated and whatever will remain the great merit of the Italian doctor. "

Martha Muchow is considered a pioneer in ecological psychology . Her work Der Lebensraum des Großstadtkindes , which was posthumously published in 1935 by her brother Hans Heinrich Muchow in the series of publications for the Hamburger Erziehungsbewegung , is one of the first works in this area, which is considered her main work. It was based on William Stern's studies of human resource management (1930) and Jakob Johann von Uexküll's environmental theory . Her work can be seen as an early work in perceptual geography.

When her teacher William Stern was dismissed after the National Socialists came to power , she was denounced in a letter dated July 10, 1933 as "fellow Jews":

"Miss Dr. Muchow, Prof. Stern's closest confidante, who visits him every day today and works out all the plans with him, is the most dangerous. She was an active member of the Marxist 'World Association for the Renewal of Education' [...] Her influence is ominous and directly contrary to a German conception of the state. "

On September 25, 1933, her 41st birthday, the psychologist was removed from all her public offices. At Gustaf Deuchler's instigation , she was supposed to return to school. Martha Muchow attempted suicide on September 27, 1933 and died two days later as a result.

Living space of the big city child

In Muchow's work on the sociology of the city child, this extinguishing area on the Osterbek , which was built in 2012, is also considered.

Martha Muchow gave many lectures on the world of urban children. For example, on the occasion of an interim meeting of the German Section of the World Association for the Renewal of Upbringing, from October 3 to 5, 1931 in Dortmund, she gave a lecture on the subject of the world of children in our time and upbringing . This was reviewed with the following words:

“Using the example of the big city world, Martha Muchow showed how children of different ages build their environment out of what surrounds them, how the general developmental psychological developmental tendencies are active in this environment, but also through our peculiarities The technologically advanced, mechanized urban world of today creates a completely different child’s world than ours 20–30 years ago, from which we still like to draw more or less consciously our understanding of children and their experience. Using living examples, e.g. B. the local history lessons or the interpretation of certain so-called moral (or immoral) behavior of the child (the big city street) she showed what educational problems arose here. "

Heinz Werner in particular praised Martha Muchow's studies on the living space of the big city child in his Introduction to Developmental Psychology ( Comparative Psychology of Mental Development ) using unpublished material and pointed out the differences to the adult's point of view as mapped in a second study:

"The child's world is a 'near world' - it is closer, the younger the child, and the further away, the older it is."

After Martha Muchow's death

Stumbling block, Martha Muchow
Library of the Faculty of Education, Psychology and Movement Science at the University of Hamburg

In January 2007, the library of the Faculty of Education, Psychology and Movement Science at the University of Hamburg was named after her. and the Martha Muchow Institute launched in 2008 . In the women's garden at Hamburg's Ohlsdorf cemetery, Martha Muchow is remembered on the spiral of memories. The Hamburg college for social education bears her name. A stumbling block , set in April 2010, is at the main entrance to the University of Hamburg. On September 30, 2010 a new road on the Uhlenhorst Martha-Muchow-Weg was named.

On May 10, 2010 the martha muchow. Foundation as a public foundation under civil law established by the founder Gertrud Beck-Schlegel after the death of her husband, Johannes M. Schlegel, in accordance with the common will. The martha muchow. The foundation bears its name in memory of the pedagogue and psychologist Martha Muchow (1892–1933), whose scientific work is considered a pioneering achievement in a field of research that tries to make the perspectives and action processes of children in their engagement with the world around them visible and understandable. The foundation is dedicated to the appreciation and further development of the life's work of Martha Muchow and promotes the development, implementation and dissemination of scientific work that follows her research paradigm, with special attention to the promotion of young talent.

Fonts

  • Studies on the psychology of the educator. Hamburg 1923.
  • Contributions to the psychological characteristics of kindergarten and elementary school age. On the basis of experimental psychological investigations on the perception and lowering of three to ten year olds. Berlin 1926.
  • The Montessori system and the educational ideas of Friedrich Froebel. In: Hilde Hecker, Martha Muchow (Eds.): Friedrich Fröbel and Maria Montessori. Leipzig 1927.
  • Psychological Problems of Early Education. Erfurt 1929.
  • On the question of a habitat and epoch-typical developmental psychology of children and adolescents. Hamburg 1931.
  • Friedrich Fröbel's educational ideas and the modern kindergarten in the light of contemporary child and educational psychology. In: Paul Oestreich : The small child, his need and his upbringing. Jena 1932, pp. 66-77.
  • From the world of the child. Contributions to the understanding of kindergarten and primary school age. Ravensburg 1949.
  • The living space of the big city child. With Hans-Heinrich Muchow. Edited and introduced by Jürgen Zinnecker. Bensheim 1978 (reprint of the original from 1935).
  • The living space of the big city child. With Hans-Heinrich Muchow. Edited by Imbke Behnken and Michael-Sebastian Honig. Weinheim and Basel 2012. (new edition).

literature

  • Elisabeth Zorell : Memories of Martha Muchow. Private print, Munich 1948.
  • Heinz Werner: Introduction to Developmental Psychology. Munich 1959.
  • Ilse Brehmer, Karin Ehrich: Motherhood as a profession? CVs of German pedagogues in the first half of this century. Volume 2: Short Biographies. Pfaffenweiler 1993, pp. 186-187.
  • Manfred Berger : Women in the history of kindergarten. A manual. Frankfurt am Main 1995, pp. 146-150.
  • Manfred Berger: Women in Social Responsibility: Martha Muchow . In: Our Youth 2013 / H. 7 + 8, pp. 343-346.
  • Manfred Berger: Pioneers of early childhood and after-school care: Martha Muchow (1892–1933) . In: Irmgard. M. Burtscher (Ed.): Handbook for educators in crèche, kindergarten, daycare and after-school care center, edition 86, 02/2016, pp. 1–24
  • Mauri Fries: Motherliness and a child's soul. On the connection between social education, the bourgeois women's movement and child psychology between 1899 and 1933. A contribution to the appreciation of Martha Muchow. Frankfurt 1996.
  • Karl-Heinz Hintze: Matha Muchow and her contribution to research into the development of social, thought and consciousness in early childhood. Unpublished thesis. Munich 2001.
  • Paul Probst:  Muchow, Martha. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 18, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-428-00199-0 , p. 253 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland, Peter Faulstich Peter: Paths of life and learning spaces. Martha Muchow: Life, work and continuing to work . Weinheim and Basel 2012.
  • Günter Mey: The living space of the big city child. A pioneering work on research into children's living environments. In: Kristin Westphal, Benjamin Jörissen (ed.): From street child to media child. Space and media research in the 21st century. Weinheim and Basel 2013, pp. 22–38.
  • Günter Mey, Hartmut Günther (Eds.): The Life Space of the Urban Child - Perspectives on a Martha Muchow's classic study. Brunswik 2015.
  • Günter Mey: Martha Muchow's Research on Children's Life Space. A classic study on childhood in the light of the present. In: Florian Esser, Meike Baader, Tanja Betz, Beatrice Hungerland (Eds.): Reconceptualizing Agency and Childhood: New Perspectives in Childhood Studies. London 2016, pp. 160-164.
  • Günter Mey, Günter Wallbrecht: In the footsteps of Martha Muchow . Lengerich 2016 (DVD, 46 min., English subtitles, 37 min. Bonus material).
  • Günter Mey: In Memoriam: Martha Muchow (1892-1933 ). In: Report Psychology. 42, November / December 2017, pp. 454–455.
  • Günter Mey: Martha Muchow & Hans Heinricht Muchow: The living space of the city child (1935) . In: Helmut E. Lück, Rudolf Miller, Gabriela Sewz (eds.): Classics of Psychology. The major works: origin, content and effect. 2. revised and exp. Edition Stuttgart 2018, pp. 176–186.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl-Heinz Hintze: Matha Muchow and her contribution to research into the development of social, thought and consciousness in early childhood. Unpublished thesis. Munich 2001, p. 4
  2. ↑ Martha Muchow: Psychological Problems of Early Education. Erfurt 1929, p. 12
  3. ↑ Martha Muchow. Friedrich Fröbel's educational ideas and the modern kindergarten in the light of contemporary child and educational psychology. In: Paul Oestreich: The small child, his need and his upbringing. Jena 1932, p. 67ff.
  4. ↑ Hecker / Muchow 1927, p. 107f.
  5. ↑ quoted from Karl-Heinz Hintze: Matha Muchow and her contribution to research into the development of social, thought and consciousness in early childhood. Unpublished thesis. Munich 2001, p. 197.
  6. ↑ Quoted from Hintze 2001, p. 87
  7. ↑ Heinz Werner: Introduction to Developmental Psychology. Munich 1959, p. 269
  8. ^ Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland: Short biography , website of the University of Hamburg
  9. ^ Website of the Martha Muchow Institute
  10. ↑ Official Gazette ( Memento of the original dated November 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 385 kB) from October 19, 2010, page 1962. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.luewu.de
  11. ↑ martha muchow. Foundation, endowment. Retrieved on August 2, 2019 (German).
Commons : Martha Muchow  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Muchow, Martha
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German educational psychologist
DATE OF BIRTH September 25, 1892
PLACE OF BIRTH Hamburg
DATE OF DEATH September 29, 1933
Place of death Hamburg