Wall double

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Wall double
Wall double seed (Diplotaxis muralis)

Wall double seed ( Diplotaxis muralis )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Brassiceae
Genre : Double seeds ( diplotaxis )
Type : Wall double
Scientific name
Diplotaxis muralis
( L. ) DC.

The wall double seed ( Diplotaxis muralis ), also called field double mustard or wall mustard , is a species of the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae).

description

illustration
Foliage leaves
Blossom from above, young pods behind

Appearance and leaf

The wall double seed is a one to two year or short-lived herbaceous plant . It usually reaches heights of 20 to 50 (5 to 60) centimeters. It has a thin taproot . The plant is branched at the base and has several ascending stems . The stem is glabrous or hairy at its base with curved, simple trichomes .

If you rub the stem, a bad smell of rotten eggs escapes. There are only two cruciferous vegetables with this characteristic. A close relative of the wall double seed , the narrow-leaved double seed, therefore also bears the name stinkrauke or stinkkraut.

The leaves are often heaped like a rosette at the bottom and there may be a few alternate leaves on the stem. The basal leaves have a light green, glabrous or slightly hairy leaf blade that narrows into the stalk and, with a length of 2 to 9 centimeters and a width of 1 to 3 centimeters, is elliptical, spatulate or narrowly ovate in outline, although it is usually serrated, wavy, curved, lyre-shaped to pinnate with two to six elongated to ovoid lateral leaf lobes that are smaller than the end lobe. If stem leaves are present, then they are sessile, not eared and smaller than the basal leaves with a serrated or smooth edge.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period is mainly between May and October, in China between the end of April and August. The racemose inflorescences are relatively short and have few flowers .

The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four sepals are about 3.5 to 5.5 millimeters long and have individual hairs at the top or are completely bald. The four yellow petals are usually 6 to 8 (4.5 to 10) millimeters long and 4 to 5 millimeters wide and are obovate with a wedge-shaped to short claw-like base. There are six stamens with 3.5 to 6 millimeter long stamens and 1.5 to 2 millimeter long anthers. In the ovary are 20 till 36 ovules present. The stylus is 1.5 to 3 (1 to 3.5) millimeters long and beak-like and ends in a simple scar.

Fruit and seeds

The ascending or spreading, thin, straight, bare fruit stalks are usually 8 to 14 (3 to 30) millimeters long. The gynophore is 0.2 to 0.5 millimeters long. The pods are linear with a length of 25 to 40 (15 to 45) millimeters and a diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters rarely, slightly compressed and contain numerous, double row arranged seeds. The seeds are egg-shaped or ellipsoidal with a length of 0.9 to 1.3 millimeters and a diameter of 0.6 to 0.9 millimeters. The fruits ripen in China between April and August.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 42 or 20, 22, 44.

Herbarium evidence

Occurrence

Diplotaxis muralis occurs in southwest, south, southeast and central Europe as well as in northwest Africa and Asia Minor . It is a sub-Mediterranean floral element. Locations are given for the following countries: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, France including Corsica, Italy including Sardinia as well as Sicily, Portugal, Spain including the Balearic Islands , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Serbia , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Macedonia , Greece , Malta , Ukraine , Crimea , Georgia , Ciscaucasia, northwestern Turkey , northern Algeria , northern Libya , Morocco and Tunisia . The species is a neophyte in the following countries: India, China, South Africa, the Azores, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile and New Caledonia.

The wall double is very scattered in Central Europe. In Austria and Switzerland one finds Diplotaxis muralis generally scattered. In Germany it occurs mainly in the north and east. You can find it more often in the Rhine and Main areas. In addition, it is usually rare. Its occurrences seem to be strongly declining.

The wall double seed grows in " weed communities ", for example on roadsides, embankments, railway station areas, rubble sites, on walls and in gravel pits. It prefers loose, nutrient-rich and often calcareous soils . He loves light and warmth. It occurs in societies of the Eragrostion, Fumario-Euphorbion and Sisymbrion associations.

Taxonomy

The first publication of this species took place in 1753 under the name (Basionym) Sisymbrium murale by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, p. 658. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle presented it in 1821 in Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale , 2, p. 634 as Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. into the genus Diplotaxis . The specific epithet muralis means wall. Other synonyms for Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. are: Brassica muralis (L.) Boiss. , Crucifera diplotaxis E.HLKrause , Diplotaxis intermedia Schur , Diplotaxis littoralis Sennen , Diplotaxis mandonis Sennen , Diplotaxis polonica Zapal. , Diplotaxis vallesensis Sennen , Eruca decumbens Moench , Eruca muralis (L.) Besser , Sinapis muralis (L.) WTAiton .

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 440.
  2. ^ A b Diplotaxis muralis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ^ Diplotaxis muralis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .

Web links

Commons : Mauer-Doppelsame ( Diplotaxis muralis )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files