Marine biology
The marine biology or biological Oceanography (engl. Marine biology) is a branch of biology or oceanography . It also represents a special area of ecology and deals with the living beings and life processes in marine habitats, i.e. in the oceans and seas .
Subject and research
Characteristic of marine habitats are primarily the properties of the water such as salt content (salinity), temperature (depending on depth and climate) as well as light and flow conditions. The following large habitats can be distinguished:
- Free water ( pelagic ) with the biological communities ( biocenoses ) of the plankton and the necton . Here, in particular, the upper euphotic zone differs from the lower-lying zones.
- Sea floor ( benthal ) and shore ( littoral ) with the community of benthos
The field research in marine biology in particular with research vessels conducted. The fishing supplies with their catches material for scientific research. The upper water zones of the sea can also be accessed by diving. Submarines and diving robots are used for direct observations in deeper ocean layers .
Research projects
A central project was the Census of Marine Life (duration 2000–2010). In this context, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) was created, a free international database on the Internet that is supposed to record all marine life. In June 2011 there were 31.3 million entries for 116,600 species. Scientists estimate that by 2008 about 230,000 marine life were known. It is believed that there are between 1 million and 10 million species in total. On average, three new species are documented each week. For each kind u. a. Distribution maps created. 500 institutions from 56 countries are involved in the OBIS database.
Eminent marine biologists
- William Elford Leach (1790-1836), English zoologist and marine biologist
- Johannes Müller (1801–1858), German physiologist, marine biologist and comparative anatomist
- August David Krohn (1803-1891), German-Russian zoologist
- Michael Sars (1805–1869), Norwegian clergyman and biologist
- Charles Darwin (1809–1882), authored Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842)
- Félix Joseph Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (1821–1901), French physiologist and zoologist
- Charles Wyville Thomson (1830-1882), Scottish zoologist
- Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), German doctor, zoologist, marine biologist and evolutionist
- Victor Hensen (1835–1924), German physiologist and marine biologist
- Georg Ossian Sars (1837–1927), Norwegian marine biologist
- Anton Dohrn (1840–1909), German marine biologist
- John Murray (1841-1914), Scottish-Canadian marine biologist
- Nikolai Miklucho-Maklai (1846–1888), Russian marine biologist and anthropologist
- Carl Chun (1852–1914), German marine biologist
- Adolf Appellöf (1857–1921), Swedish marine zoologist
- Bruno Hofer (1861–1916), German fish scientist
- Johan Hjort (1869–1948), Norwegian marine zoologist and one of the founders of ICES
- Michał Marian Siedlecki (1873–1940), Polish marine biologist
- Henry Bryant Bigelow (1879-1967), American marine biologist
- Samuel Stillman Berry (1887-1984), American marine zoologist
- Ed Ricketts (1897–1948), American marine biologist
- Adolf Bückmann (1900–1993), German marine biologist, zoologist and fisheries scientist
- Rachel Carson (1907-1964), American marine biologist
- Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910–1997), French pioneer in marine research
- Hans Hass (1919–2013), Austrian zoologist and marine researcher
- Rupert Riedl (1925–2005), Austrian zoologist
- Gotthilf Hempel (* 1929), German marine biologist
- Sylvia Earle (* 1935), American oceanographer
- Harald Rosenthal (* 1937), German marine biologist and fisheries scientist
- Claus Nielsen (* 1938), Danish marine biologist
- Uwe Kils (* 1951), German marine biologist specializing in planktology
Important institutes of marine research
- List of oceanographic research institutes
- Consortium for Ocean Leadership formerly Joint Oceanographic Institutions
- International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratory
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Friday Harbor Laboratories
- Alfred Wegener Institute
See also
Web links
- The Ocean Biogeographic Information System ( OBIS )
- Ocean Sciences with Ocean Map ( Google Maps )
- Lecture Marine Biology Video recordings of the complete lecture by Nico Michiels and Sven Gemballa. TIMMS, Tübingen Internet Multimedia Server, University of Tübingen.
Individual evidence
- ↑ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080625122958.htm
- ↑ Statistics and chronology on the OBIS website , accessed on January 3, 2017