Mescalero-Chiricahua

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Mescalero-Chiricahua Ndee Bizaa

Spoken in

USA : Arizona, New Mexico, Texas Mexico : Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila
speaker from 3,000+; approx. 1,700 (mostly Mescalero dialect) (2007)
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in no
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

apa (Apache languages)

ISO 639-3

apm (Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua)

Mescalero-Chiricahua , Mescalero-Chiricahau-Apache or Ndee Bizaa denotes the language of the Mescalero Apache and Chiricahua Apache in today's southwestern United States and in northern Mexico , which belonged to the western branch of the Apache languages and here to the South Athapaskan languages in the narrower sense; linguistically, it is one of the Na Dené languages .

As can already be seen from the name for the language, there are also two major dialect variants that can be assigned to the respective tribal group:

  • Mescalero dialect - the approx. 8 to 10 Mescalero bands in West Texas, New Mexico as well as North Chihuahua and North Coahuila
  • Chiricahua dialect - the 4 Chiricahua bands in Arizona, New Mexico, Northern Sonora, and Northern Chihuahua; Often two idioms are distinguished:

Phonology

Consonants

  Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral
Plosive sound not aspirated b [p] d [t]       g [k]  
aspirated   t [tʰ]       k [kʰ]  
ejective   t ' [t']       k ' [k'] ' [ʔ]
Affricates not aspirated   dz [ʦ] dl [tɬ] j [ʧ]      
aspirated   ts [ʦʰ] tl [tɬʰ] ch [ʧʰ]      
ejective   ts ' [ʦ'] tl ' [tɬ'] ch ' [ʧ']      
Fricative unvoiced   s [s] l [ɬ] sh [ʃ]   h [x] h [h]
voiced   z [z] l [ɮ] zh [ʒ] y [ʝ] gh [ɣ]  
Nasals plain m [m] n [n]          
pre-nasal plosive   nd [n d ]          

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Apachean
  2. ↑ Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua
  3. ↑ Apache's work to save language ( Memento of the original dated November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alamogordonews.com
  4. ↑ MultiTree: Mescalero-Chiricahua
  5. ↑ Global Recordings Network - Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (Language code 'apm')

Web links

literature

  • Hoijer, Harry (1939): Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish. Language, 15 (2), 110-115.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945): Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13-23.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945): The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946): The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946): The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946): Chiricahua Apache. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
  • Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938): Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts . The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-15783-1 ).
  • Opler, Morris E. (1936): The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38 (4), 620-633.
  • Opler, Morris E. (1941): An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-8610- 4 ).
  • Opler, Morris E. (1983): Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), Southwest (pp. 401-418). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
  • Opler, Morris E .; & French, David H. (1941): Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians . Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co .; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co .; & in 1994 under ME Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0- 8032-8602-3 ).
  • Opler, Morris E .; & Hoijer, Harry: (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
  • Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988): The language of the Chiricahua-Apaches: With side views of the Mescalero . Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
  • Young, Robert W. (1983): Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, WC Sturtevant (Eds.), Handbook of North American Indians : Southwest , (Vol. 10), (p. 393-400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004579-7 .