Mikhail Nikolajewitsch Muravjow-Wilensky
Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky , ( Russian Михаил Николаевич Муравьёв-Виленский ., Scientific transliteration Mikhail Nikolaevich Murav'ëv-Vilenskij * 1 . Jul / 12. October 1796 greg. In Moscow ; † August 29 jul. / September 10 1866 greg. In Saint Petersburg ) was a Russian military man and statesman who played an important role in the suppression of the Polish uprisings of 1830/31 and especially 1863 .
family
He was born the son of the mathematician and Major General Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Muravjow (1768-1840) and Alexandra Michajlowna Mordwinowa (1770-1809). His brothers were the general Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Murawjow-Karski , the spiritual writer and church historian Andrej Nikolajewitsch Murawjow and the Decembrist Alexander Nikolajewisch Murawjow (1792-1864). With his wife Pelageja he fathered four children: Nikolai (1820–1869), Governor General of Vyatka and Ryazan, Leonid (1821–1881), Vasily (1824–1848) and Sofja (1833–1880).
Early life and career
While still a student at the university, he founded the Moscow Mathematical Society. After graduating from Moscow University in 1811, he joined the army , fought during the Patriotic War and was wounded at the Battle of Borodino (he served in Rajewski's regiment). During the famine in Smolensk Governorate , Muravyov organized the delivery of food to the hungry. In 1821 he resigned from the Decembrist movement. In 1826 he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress . In June 1826 he was released and declared innocent. In 1827 he became Deputy Governor of Vitebsk , in 1828 Governor General of Mogilev and in 1831 Governor of Grodno , whereupon he moved to Minsk a year later . He participated in Belarus and Lithuania in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830. Muravyov was a member of the State Council from 1850 and Minister for State Goods from 1857 to 1861. Muravyov was deputy chairman of the Russian Geographical Society , since 1857 honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences .
Governor General of Vilna
In the course of the Polish uprising in 1863 Murawjow-Wilenski held the office of chairman of the Northwestern Kraj ( governor general of Wilna , Grodno , Kovno ). Muravyov's part in the suppression of the rebellion was essential. 128 insurgents were executed , 972 sentenced to forced labor.
Muravyov cited the resistance to the abolition of serfdom in 1861 as the reasons for the uprising , and consequently dealt with the implementation of the reform in the Northwest Kraj. He has also confiscated some goods and punished unreliable people (mainly large landowners of the Catholic faith) and imposed contributions on them. Muravyov campaigned for Russification by banning newspapers and theatrical productions in the Polish language , as well as their use in public places, and forbidding people of Catholic faith from holding state offices and employing employees from the inner governorates of the Russian Empire.
Muravyov restored Orthodox churches and renovated those that were already functioning in order to restore what he believed to be the originally Orthodox character of the Kraj. He had the St. Nicholas Church in Vilnius rebuilt in the Russian-Byzantine style, baroque and Gothic elements were removed.
In order to prove the Russian and Orthodox nature of the Kraj, on Muravyov's instructions, the Vilna Archaeographic Commission was established in early 1864. The nobility of Saint Petersburg collected signatures for the foundation of an icon of the Archangel Michael . The governor Suvorov , however, refused and called Muravyov public ogre ( людоед ), after which the Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev a rügendes poem to him straightened ( "Гуманный внук воинственного деда ...", to German: Human grandson of martial grandfather ). There, among other things: Forgive us, our sympathetic prince, for worshiping the Russian ogre without asking Europe's permission . Tjuttschew also praised Muravyov for defending and saving Russia's unity . The governor's grandfather , according to Tyuttschew, would not have refused to sign.
At the beginning of 1831 Muravyov was asked whether he was a relative of the Decembrist Sergei Muravyov-Apostol , to which Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov replied that he did not come from the Muravyovs who are hanged, but from those who hang themselves. He is the author of the saying: What the Russian bayonet has not finished, the Russian school will finish ( Russian: «Что не доделал русский штык - доделает русская школа» ). From his adversaries he was called Muravyov the executioner ( Russian Муравьёв-Вешатель ).
After his dismissal from the office of Governor General of Northwestern Kraj in April 1865, Muravyov was appointed Count and was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First Appointed . His successor in office was Konstantin Petrowitsch von Kaufmann .
The Russian writer and journalist Ivan Solonewitsch (1891-1953), a supporter of the Russian autocracy, wrote regarding Muravyov activity that the population of the country under him was Russian ( where there was nothing but the Russian peasant , Russian Кроме мужика русского там не было ничего. ) that entry into the cultural heights was blocked by the Polish aristocracy. Count Muravyov, according to Solonevich, not only hanged, but also opened the way for the Belarusian people, at least to the lower ranks of the intelligentsia .
The journalist and statesman Prince Vladimir Meschtschersky (1839–1914) greatly admired Muravyov-Wilensky. The prince called the count energetic orator, whose eloquence is strength and energy . Meshchersky often highlighted the count as a role model for Russian statesmen.
Next life
In 1866 Count Muravyov was appointed chairman of the investigative commission in the trial of the assassin Karakosow . At that time Nekrasov , whose newspaper Sovremennik was threatened with dismissal, had praised the count in a few verses in the English Club. Muravyov was buried in Lazarevskoje Kladbishche ( Lazars Gottesacker ) in Saint Petersburg.
Commemoration
In front of the castle where Muravyov lived, a monument was built in his memory in 1898 (rearranged in 1915). Since 1906 there was a museum about Muravyov, which was opened on the occasion of his 110th birthday and 50th anniversary of his death.
The Russian statesman, writer and geographer Ivan Petrowitsch Kornilow wrote that the name MN Muravyov had meaning for patriotic Russians because in 1863 he restored the "honor and dignity of the Russian name" and awakened Russian cultural life in the original Orthodox Kraj.
Individual evidence
- ↑ С. В. Лебедев: Муравьёв Михаил Николаевич. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Большая энциклопедия русского народа. Институт Русской Цивилизации.
- ↑ Ivan Dronov: Князь В.П.Мещерский, его друзья и враги. (Prince Meshchersky, his friends and enemies)
- ↑ А. Ю. Бендин: Граф М.Н. Муравьёв Виленский и национальное пробуждение белорусского народа в 60-е годы XIX в. ( Memento of the original from April 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Muravjow-Wilensky, Mikhail Nikolajewitsch |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Михаи́л Никола́евич Муравьёв-Ви́ленский; Murav'ëv-Vilenskij, Michail Nikolaevič |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Russian statesman and diplomat |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 12, 1796 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Moscow |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 10, 1866 |
| Place of death | St. Petersburg |