Order of St. Andrew the First Called
The Order of Andrew ( Russian Орденъ святого Андрея Первозванного / " Order Swjatogo Andreja Pervoswannogo, Order of St. Andrew the First Called ") was founded on December 10, 1698 by Tsar Peter I as a distinction and was previously the highest Russian order in the Turkish War called the blue ribbon . It was later awarded for other merits. At the same time it is the house order of the Romanov dynasty and again the highest Russian state order since 1998, but it was renewed on December 27, 1988 with the same name but different insignia by the Russian Orthodox Church on the occasion of the 1000th anniversary of the Christianization of the country. Consequently, there are three orders of that name today.
Insignia (imperial and today's state medals)
The order had only one class and was only awarded to people of lieutenant general who had the Alexander Newski and the Order of the White Eagle , which they wore on their necks or in their buttonholes. Russian grand dukes were born knights of the order.
The decoration consists of a golden, black enameled, two-headed, crowned eagle with outspread wings. On the eagle is a dark blue St. Andrew's cross with St. Andrew in natural color with a golden band. The lapel shows only the double-headed eagle . On the corners of the cross is written in Latin letters S. A. P. R.(Sanctus Andreas, Patronus Russiae). The decoration is held by a crown to which the sky-blue ribbon or collar is attached. The eight-pointed silver star has a medallion, the imperial double-headed eagle, around which a snake winds; a blue circle with the inscription Za weru i wernost(For Faith and Faith) surrounds the medallion.
The necklace to be worn at large celebrations has three parts: the first is a blue cross of St. Andrew with the letters SARPin a red and gold halo , the second is a blue, round medallion with the monogram P I(Petrus Primus), embedded in flags and from one crown, the third the two-headed tsar's eagle with the Saint George's shield on its chest. The order with crossed swords under the suspension (the crown) was awarded for war merit. The medal was carried from the right shoulder to the left hip, the star on the left breast.
Today's insignia are identical to those of the tsarist times, but the double-headed eagle of the order is not enamelled black, but made entirely of gold.
The dress prescribed by Empress Anna I was a green velvet coat, lined with white and trimmed with silver, a velvet hat with red feathers. In addition, the knights wore a chain of three alternating links. The day of the order was November 30th.
From March 1917, the Order of St. Andrew was no longer awarded to outsiders, but continued to exist as a house order of the dethroned Romanov dynasty .
Known porters
Ecclesiastical order
The ecclesiastical order also has only one class, the insignia are the medal and the breast star. The medal has the shape of a four-pointed star with the blue St. Andrew's cross , which bears a picture of the apostle surrounded by diamonds as a central medallion. the whole thing is inflated by a patriarchal crown. It is worn on a blue (?) Sash from the left shoulder to the right hip. The star of the order is eight-pointed, made of alternately brilliant silver and enamelled red rays and has the monogram of the saint as a center medallion, surrounded by a blue ribbon with the order's motto and an oak wreath. The order may only be bestowed by the Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia.
State Order of the Russian Federation
By a decree of the Russian President Boris Yeltsin of July 1, 1998, the order was re-insigned under the name "Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First Called" with the same status as in the Tsarist era, i.e. as Russia's highest order, and the insignia from the Tsarist era Called to life. It is awarded for outstanding services that serve the prosperity and glory of Russia, as well as for outstanding services to the Russian Federation. The medal can be bestowed on public figures, public figures and citizens of Russia, as well as foreign heads of state.
Carrier
(chronological)
- Dmitri Likhachev , philologist and literary scholar (September 30, 1998)
- Mikhail Kalashnikov , Lieutenant General and weapons designer (October 7, 1998)
- Nursultan Nazarbayev , politician, President of Kazakhstan (October 11, 1998)
- Alexander Solzhenitsyn , writer (December 11, 1998, refused to accept the order)
- Alexius II (Alexei Rüdiger), Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (February 19, 1999)
- Valery Shumakov , physician (November 3, 2001)
- Fasu Aliyeva , Avar poet, editor and politician (December 11, 2002)
- Heydər Əliyev , politician, President of Azerbaijan (May 10, 2003)
- Boris Petrowski , physician (June 4, 2003)
- Rassul Gamsatov , Avar poet, writer and politician (September 8, 2003)
- Lyudmila Sykina , singer (June 12, 2004)
- Irina Archipowa , opera singer (January 2, 2005)
- Sergei Michalkow , writer and poet (March 13, 2008)
- Daniil Granin , writer (December 28, 2008)
- Mikhail Gorbachev , politician, ex-President of the USSR (March 2, 2011)
- Sergei Shoigu , politician, Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation (2014, exact date of awarding of the medal unknown; medal with swords)
- Yuri Grigorowitsch , ballet master (January 26, 2017)
- Xi Jinping , Politician, President of the People's Republic of China (July 3, 2017)
- Valentina Matviyenko , politician, Chairwoman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation (March 28, 2019)
- Narendra Modi , Politician, Prime Minister of the Republic of India (April 12, 2019)
- Alexandra Pachmutowa , composer (October 28, 2019)
literature
- Gustav Adolph Ackermann: Order book of all in Europe flourishing and extinct orders and decorations. Rudolph & Dieterici, Annaberg 1855, pp. 93-95 ( reader.digitale-sammlungen.de ).
- Václav Měřička : Faleristics. A book about religious orders. Artia, Prague 1976.
- Иван Г. Спасский: Иностранные и русские ордена до 1917 года. Государственный Эрмитаж, Ленинград 1963.
- Michael Autengruber, Andreas Tammann: The religious order of the Russian Empire. Part 1: The Imperial Russian Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First Called . In: Orders and Medals. The magazine for friends of phaleristics , ISSN 1438-3772 . Ed .: German Society for Religious Orders , Volume 21, Issue 121, Gäufelden 2019.
