Leaf miners
Leaf miners | ||||||||||
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Systematics | ||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||
Gracillariidae | ||||||||||
Stainton , 1854 |
The leaf miner or leaf bag moths (Gracillariidae) are a family of butterflies (Lepidoptera).
features
Leaf miners are small to very small moths with a well-developed proboscis and long antennae that mainly fly at dusk. In the rest position, the front body is usually raised. The wings of the animals are narrow and often have long fringes.
The caterpillars of the leaf miners are usually very flat and have forward-facing mandibles . The majority of the caterpillars live as miners in leaves. The caterpillars of the first larval stages usually have mandibles that allow cells to be pierced and sucked out; these then change in the later larval stages. This means that larvae of different ages can look very different ( polymetabolism ). The oldest larval stages of many species live in rolled up leaves and gnaw their insides.
Harmful effect
Many of the leaf miner species specialize in a single host plant and cause damage that is characteristic of the respective species. The damage is usually limited to a reduction in the value of the jewelry. With recurring strong infestation it can lead to growth depressions. For the harmful effects of a special species on the common horse chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) in Europe, see horse chestnut leaf miner ( Cameraria ohridella ).
Systematics
The family includes around 1000 species worldwide , of which around 100 are also distributed in Central Europe . Three subfamilies are distinguished within the leaf miners:
- True leaf miners (Gracilariinae)
- Lithocolletinae
- Phyllocnistinae
In Europe, the leaf miner family comprises over 230 species, the leaf and cone moth subfamily is the most species-rich subfamily with 138 species.
In Germany, known leaf miners include the maple moth ( Caloptilia rufipennella ), the azaleas Motte ( Caloptilia azaleella ), the oak bark leaf miner ( Spulerina simploniella ), the Lilac Motte ( Gracillaria syring ella ), the horse-chestnut leaf miner ( Cameraria ohridella ) and often at Book -to-find book leafminer ( Phyllonorycter maestingella ).
The often counted to the family of moths Thujaminiermotten ( Argyresthia thuiella ) and juniper leaf miner ( Argyresthia trifasciata ), however, belong to the family of ermine moth .
The following overview contains the genera and species represented in Central Europe within the three subfamilies:
True leaf miners (Gracillariinae)
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Acrocercops
- Acrocercops brongniardella ( Fabricius , 1798)
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Aristaea
- Aristaea pavoniella ( Zeller , 1847)
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Aspilapteryx
- Aspilapteryx limosella ( Duponchel , 1844)
- Aspilapteryx spectabilis Huemer , 1994
- Aspilapteryx tringipennella ( Zeller , 1839)
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Callisto
- Callisto coffeella ( Zetterstedt , 1839)
- Callisto denticulella ( Thunberg , 1794)
- Callisto insperatella ( Nickerl , 1864)
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Caloptilia
- Caloptilia alchimiella ( Scopoli , 1763)
- Caloptilia azaleella ( Brants , 1913) - Azalea moth
- Caloptilia betulicola ( M. Hering , 1928)
- Caloptilia cuculipennella ( Huebner , 1796)
- Caloptilia elongella ( Linnaeus , 1761)
- Caloptilia falconipennella ( Huebner , 1813)
- Caloptilia fidella ( Reutti , 1853)
- Caloptilia fribergensis ( Fritzsche , 1871)
- Caloptilia hauderi ( Rebel , 1906)
- Caloptilia hemidactylella ( Denis & Schiffermüller , 1775)
- Caloptilia honoratella ( Rebel , 1914)
- Caloptilia populetorum ( Zeller , 1839)
- Caloptilia rhodinella ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1855)
- Caloptilia robustella Jäckh , 1972
- Caloptilia roscipennella ( Huebner , 1796)
- Caloptilia rufipennella ( Hübner , 1796) - Maple moth
- Caloptilia semifascia ( Haworth , 1828)
- Caloptilia stigmatella ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Caloptilia suberinella ( Tengström , 1848)
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Calybites
- Calybites phasianipennella ( Huebner , 1813)
- Calybites quadrisignella ( Zeller , 1839)
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Dialectica
- Dialectica imperialella ( Zeller , 1847)
- Dialectica scalariella ( Zeller , 1850)
- Dialectica soffneri Gregor & Povolny , 1965
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Eucalybites
- Eucalybites auroguttella ( Stephens , 1835)
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Gracillaria
- Gracillaria loriolella Frey , 1881
- Gracillaria syringella ( Fabricius , 1794) - lilac moth
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Leucospilapteryx
- Leucospilapteryx omissella ( Stainton , 1848)
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Micrurapteryx
- Micrurapteryx gradatella ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1855)
- Micrurapteryx kollariella ( Zeller , 1839)
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Ornixola
- Ornixola caudulatella ( Zeller , 1839)
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Parectopa
- Parectopa ononidis ( Zeller , 1839)
- Parectopa robiniella Clemens , 1863 - Robinia leaf cone butterfly
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Parornix
- Parornix alpicola ( Wocke , 1877)
- Parornix anglicella ( Stainton , 1850)
- Parornix anguliferella ( Zeller , 1847)
- Parornix atripalpella Wahlström , 1979
- Parornix betulae ( Stainton , 1854)
- Parornix carpinella ( Frey , 1863)
- Parornix devoniella ( Stainton , 1850)
- Parornix eppelsheimi ( Fuchs , 1901)
- Parornix fagivora ( Frey , 1861)
- Parornix finitimella ( Zeller , 1850)
- Parornix ornatella Triberti , 1981
- Parornix petiolella ( Frey , 1863)
- Parornix pfaffenzelleri ( Frey , 1856)
- Parornix scoticella ( Stainton , 1850)
- Parornix szoecsi ( Gozmány , 1952)
- Parornix tenella ( Rebel , 1919)
- Parornix torquillella ( Zeller , 1850)
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Povolnya
- Povolnya leucapennella ( Stephens , 1835)
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Sauterina
- Sauterina hofmanniella ( Schleich , 1867)
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Spulerina
- Spulerina simploniella ( Fischer v. Röslerstamm , 1840) - oak bark miner moth
Lithocolletinae
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Cameraria
- Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic , 1986 - Horse chestnut leaf miner
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Phyllonorycter
- Phyllonorycter abrasella ( Duponchel , 1843)
- Phyllonorycter acaciella ( Duponchel , 1843)
- Phyllonorycter acerifoliella ( Zeller , 1839)
- Phyllonorycter aemula Triberti, Deschka & Huemer , 1997
- Phyllonorycter agilella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter alpina ( Frey , 1856)
- Phyllonorycterandroidae ( W. Fletcher , 1875)
- Phyllonorycter apparella ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1855)
- Phyllonorycter blancardella ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Phyllonorycter cavella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter cerasinella ( Reutti , 1852)
- Phyllonorycter comparella ( Duponchel , 1843)
- Phyllonorycter connexella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter coryli ( Nicelli , 1851)
- Phyllonorycter corylifoliella ( Huebner , 1796)
- Phyllonorycter cydoniella ( Denis & Schiffermüller , 1775)
- Phyllonorycter delitella ( Duponchel , 1844)
- Phyllonorycter distentella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter dubitella ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1855)
- Phyllonorycter emberizaepennella ( Bouché , 1834)
- Phyllonorycter esperella ( Goeze , 1783) - Hornbeam leaf miner
- Phyllonorycter fraxinella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter froelichiella ( Zeller , 1839)
- Phyllonorycter geniculella ( Ragonot , 1874)
- Phyllonorycter gerasimovi ( M. Hering , 1930)
- Phyllonorycter harrisella ( Linnaeus , 1761)
- Phyllonorycter heegeriella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter helianthemella ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1861)
- Phyllonorycter hilarella ( Zetterstedt , 1839)
- Phyllonorycter ilicifoliella ( Duponchel , 1843)
- Phyllonorycter insignitella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter issikii ( Kumata , 1963)
- Phyllonorycter junoniella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter kleemannella ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Phyllonorycter lantanella ( cabinet , 1802)
- Phyllonorycter lautella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter leucographella ( Zeller , 1850)
- Phyllonorycter maestingella ( Muller , 1764) - Book leafminer
- Phyllonorycter mannii ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter medicaginella ( Gerasimov , 1930)
- Phyllonorycter mespilella ( Huebner , 1805)
- Phyllonorycter messaniella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter millierella ( Staudinger , 1871)
- Phyllonorycter monspessulanella ( Fox , 1897)
- Phyllonorycter muelleriella ( Zeller , 1839)
- Phyllonorycter nicellii ( Stainton , 1851)
- Phyllonorycter nigrescentella ( Logan , 1851)
- Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae ( Frey , 1856)
- Phyllonorycter parisiella ( Wocke , 1848)
- Phyllonorycter pastorella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter platani ( Staudinger , 1870)
- Phyllonorycter platanoidella ( Joannis , 1920)
- Phyllonorycter populifoliella ( Treitschke , 1833)
- Phyllonorycter pseudoplataniella ( Ragonot , 1874)
- Phyllonorycter quercifoliella ( Zeller , 1839)
- Phyllonorycter quinqueguttella ( Stainton , 1851)
- Phyllonorycter rajella ( Linnaeus , 1758)
- Phyllonorycter robiniella ( Clemens , 1859) - Robinia leaf miner
- Phyllonorycter roboris ( Zeller , 1839)
- Phyllonorycter sagitella ( Bjerkander , 1790)
- Phyllonorycter salicicolella ( Sircom , 1848)
- Phyllonorycter salictella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter saportella ( Duponchel , 1840)
- Phyllonorycter scabiosella ( Douglas , 1853)
- Phyllonorycter schreberella ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Phyllonorycter scitulella ( Duponchel , 1843)
- Phyllonorycter scopariella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter sorbi ( Frey , 1855)
- Phyllonorycter spinicolella ( Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter staintoniella ( Nicelli , 1853)
- Phyllonorycter stettinensis ( Nicelli , 1852)
- Phyllonorycter strigulatella ( Lienig & Zeller , 1846)
- Phyllonorycter tenerella ( Joannis , 1915)
- Phyllonorycter trifasciella ( Haworth , 1828)
- Phyllonorycter tristrigella ( Haworth , 1828)
- Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella ( Huebner , 1817)
- Phyllonorycter viminetorum ( Stainton , 1854)
Phyllocnistinae
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Phyllocnistis
- Phyllocnistis labyrinthella ( Bjerkander , 1790)
- Phyllocnistis saligna ( Zeller , 1839)
- Phyllocnistis unipunctella ( Stephens , 1834)
- Phyllocnistis vitegenella Clemens , 1859 - American leaf miner
- Phyllocnistis xenia M. Hering , 1936
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Diseases and pests on ornamental trees ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Plant Protection Office Berlin, May 2006.
- ↑ Gracillariidae. Fauna Europaea, Version 1.3, April 19, 2007 , accessed on January 2, 2008 .
- ↑ Diagnosis database for woody plants ( memento of the original from February 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 23, 2015.
- ^ Gracillariidae (leaf-bag moths, leaf miners and fold miners) in Central Europe. Lepiforum e. V .: Determination aid of the Lepiforum for the butterfly species found in Germany, Austria and Switzerland., Accessed on January 2, 2008 .
literature
- Thomas Kaltenbach, Peter Victor Küppers: Small butterflies. Verlag J. Neudamm-Neudamm, Melsungen 1987, ISBN 3-7888-0510-2 .