Mud (city)
| Mud | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| Country: |
 Iran
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| Province : | South Khorasan | ||
| Coordinates : | 32 ° 43 ' N , 59 ° 31' E | ||
| Residents : | 3067 (2011) | ||
| Time zone : | UTC +3: 30 | ||
| City structure: | 5 boroughs | ||
| Website: | emoodcity.ir | ||
| politics | |||
| Mayor : | Reza Matlabi Pure | ||
Mud (also: Mood or Moud , pronounced: [ muːd ], Persian مود) is a very old city in eastern Iran , in the South Khorasan Province . Mud was the provincial capital for about 400 years after the rule of the Mongolian Gurkāni rulers until the beginning of the Pahlavi era (1st half of the 20th century).
Mud is located in the administrative district of the same name. In South Khorasan there are also two mud villages, namely “Chahkand-e Mud” (south of Mud) and “Mud-e Olya” (east of Mud).
The city became world famous for its saffron and carpet production .
Geographical location
The city has maintained its importance as an economic hub for the axes to Tehran and Mashhad as well as internationally to Russia , Afghanistan , Pakistan , China and India .
Traditional adobe buildings shape the city and the district. Fortresses, caves and villages attract tourists. Turquoise and uranium ore are mined in the mountains. The climate is subtropical (mountain and semi-deserts). Mud is located about 1,300 km southeast of Tehran . The city is located east of the deserts of Afghanistan and Iran .
There is no rail connection, but there is an international airport, Birjand Airport (IATA code XBJ). Under the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavis , Mud was connected to the southern provincial capital Zahedan and the northern provincial capital Mashhad by the federal highway 95 (Persian "Schahrah") . The city is located on the federal highway 30 km southeast of Birdschand .
population
The Mud district has 12,240 inhabitants (as of 2007). Mud itself has about 3,000 inhabitants (2013 extrapolation). Villages in the Mud district are Asfesar, Beschgas, Bijaam, Chahkand-e Mud, Haji Abad, Schawakand, Fonud, Nokand, Asghul, Chanschat, Rasgh, Sabdar, Kalateh Soleiman, Gas, Mochtaran and Mian Rud. To this day the region is very sparsely populated and untouched.
The largest group of the population are the Persians and the official language is Persian. There is also a small minority of Persian-speaking Arabs, Kurds, and an unknown number of Afghan refugees of Persian descent.
The majority of the people are Shiite Muslims. There are also minorities of Ismailis , Bahais and Zoroastrians . Before the Islamic conquest , the Persian people believed in the teachings of the prophet Zarathustra .
Surname
There is an opinion that the name "Mud" can be traced back to the Medes , according to another opinion "Mudeh" (city of wine). Since the name of the city Sarbischeh means "above the grove", the meaning "forest city" for Mud is most appropriate, because there is evidence that in the area between the city of Sarbischeh and Mud there was forest, which was surrounded by groves.
history
The first farming cultures in the world probably lived in the area around Mud. In the past, the east of Iran lived from agriculture and animal husbandry, industry was hardly represented there. Carpets were only knotted here for personal use.
Mud and its surrounding area belonged to Persia as early as the Achaemenid Empire . Even then, Mud, as an Achaemenid satrapy , was criss-crossed by small and very distant villages and extended to today's Khusf.
In the Parthian era, the local Sagartier tribe was a close ally of the Parthians . Archaeological excavations have unearthed ancient ceramics from the era of the Parthian dynasty (248 BC - 224 AD). The excavations were carried out in an ancient mound near the town of Birdschand. Numerous historical artifacts from the prehistoric era to the Safavid dynasty have been found on the site. The area around Mud has numerous historical and archaeological sites from the Neolithic and Post-Sassanid era (651–850).
Arabkhane borders southwest of the Mud district . The first nomads settled there permanently at the time of the conquest of Persia (632–656).
The last tribal leader of Mud and the last prince of Birdschand was Shah Seyyed Ali Kasemi, a relative of the emperor Shah Reza Pahlavi and the prime minister Amir Asadollah Alam . Ali Kasemi was the first to leave the isolated city of Mud in order to complete a higher administrative education in Tehran at the insistence of the emperor. His eldest son was allowed to study abroad in Germany. When Reza Shah was looking for outstanding carpets for his palace in the then provincial capital of Mashhad around 1930 and discovered the mud carpet, Mud became an important carpet production location.
The mud carpets achieved their rating, among other things, through the decree of the Persian Safavid emperor Shah Abbas I, who not only ordered the rebuilding of the fortresses in this region, but also the preservation of the original Persian design styles and knotting techniques. Amir Ebrahim Alam (also called Shokat ol-molk II), the father of Asadollah Alam and interior minister of the Shah, founded the largest private company in Iran, the East Company of Birjand, developed new patterns and had his carpets made from higher quality materials. The well-known carpet weaver Amini further developed the Alam pattern in the carpet provenance Mud around 1950 , took over the company and created the medallion pattern with its contrasting colors.
Under Amir Alam Khan, the government of Ghahestan Province was transferred to Birdschand, but Mud continued to be the summer residence in the early days of the Pahlavi dynasty. Before Mud, Noferest (bordering Mud in the north) was the residence of the Mongol Gurkāni rulers.
Under Reza Shah's reign, the first city administration with twelve officials was established in the city of Birdschand. With the reform of the city administration of Birdschand, the medieval era ended, when the traditional tribal leaders met for important decisions in the city council. Thereafter, only Ali Kasemi remained on the city council until his death.
In the conflict between Russia and the British Empire, the city had a neutral status. In 1894 Britain set up its embassy in the surrounding villages, followed by Russia. English troops advanced through Mud and Birdschand to Khorasan after a protectorate agreement of August 9, 1919 was not ratified by the Persian parliament and revolutionary turmoil in Russia spread to the area south of the Caucasus . After Adolf Hitler's offer to Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov to allow Persia to be taken over, among other things, was rejected, Russian and English troops invaded Iran in August 1941, in violation of international law . Without organized defense, Mud fell to the British, who operated from Iraq and the Gulf.
With the death of Alam shortly before Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic revolution , the development of the region with the legitimate legacy of Marcel came to a standstill for a time. An enormous water shortage hindered Muds urban development, which is to be solved today by regional dam projects that have already been implemented.
Once the world's most famous district of the southern Choran capital Birdschand, Mud gained its independence in the course of the division of Chorasan on September 29, 2004 and is now assigned to Birdschand's administrative region Sarbischeh with an altitude of around 1900 meters.
carpet
Mud carpets are originally made carpets that are knotted and sold in the Birdschand region and the surrounding villages of Dorokhsh, Mud, Assiaban, Pirkhast, Darb Abbas, Derakht Tut, Seyyedan and Sirkouh. Usually they are made of fine, somewhat soft wool and have narrow, subtle and delicate designs. Mud carpets are knotted with the Senneh or Djufti knot and can be recognized by the white shimmering warp threads on the back. The mud carpet, knotted in strong blue and red on a beige background, is divided into three variations. As a carpet with a floral central ornament; a round star medallion with approaches above and below and mostly with a curvilinear pattern in the interior field with palmettes and stylized flower motifs as the main border. The inner field is rounded off by corner gussets in the same light color shades as the medallion. Without a medallion and corner gusset, the simplified mud carpet shows the curvilinear pattern over the entire inner field and is therefore easy to care for in terms of stains. In addition to the bazaar, mud carpets are also sold by manufacturers such as B. Etfa or Amini offered, the very carefully and particularly beautifully designed carpets are knotted. These carpets are made of wool or cotton .
climate
Mud has a dry and generally moderate climate.
Climate data (2002):
- Average annual rainfall is 169 mm or 169 l / m²; the maximum is reached in March.
- The average annual temperature is 17.0 ° C, the maximum is reached in July.
- In July, the apex of the parabola is reached at 28.8 ° C.
- The lowest temperature is reached in January at 4.0 ° C.
Flora and fauna
Apricots, mulberries, walnuts and almonds are common. Annab is also grown in Mud, which is very popular in the Middle East, both fresh and dried. Mud has been known since the earliest times for Persian wine and dried barberry fruits (berries), which are used in Persian cuisine together with the saffron that is also grown here to refine dishes.
Some of the animal species found in this region:
- Alexander Parakeet
- Anopheles -Mücke
- Griffon Vulture
- Little mongoose
- Onager wild asses , onager wild asses are only found in Iran
- Persian goiter gazelle
- Persian cheetah , critically endangered
- Scorpions
- Golden eagle
- Hoopoe .
Attractions
In mud
- An old castle complex in the city (age unknown)
- The Mud Garden, 10 hectares from the Zand era; over 250 years old
- Hamam-e Omumi (public bath; over 370 years old)
- Maidane Farsch
- Maidane Vorudie Shahre Mud
- Majmuehje Emarat
- Masjed-e Jāme, from the Safavid era
- Oriental houses up to 400 years old
- Qanat-e Mud, aqueduct
- Wasateh-Schahr Castle (over 500 years old)
In the vicinity
- Bibi Seinab Khatun tomb
- An old castle complex 4 km in the southwest of the city (age unknown)
- Deragon cave
- Imamzadeh Seyyed Hamed Alvi Shrine
- Kaahi shrine
- Kuh-e Ghala, mountain with a castle from the time of Hasan-i Sabbah (around 900 years old)
- Cow-e rock
- Lakhmazar rock from Kooch
- Mojtameh Rafahi Imam Reza
- Observatory Dr. Mojtahedi
- Flow wall made of lava
- Zoroastrian funeral homes
Military / paramilitary facilities
- 2 Basij-e Mostaz'afin Revolutionary Guard bases (volunteer militia)
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ census 2011-10-24. Mūd
- ↑ Mood city office, tab: سخن شهردار
- ↑ Atlas Kamel Gitaschenassi; Ssiassi, Tabii, Eghtessadi, second print 1363 Tehran
- ^ Wikipedia population of Birdschands
- ↑ [corresponding to: Dictionary Farhang-e Farsi-e Amid from 1362, Amir Kabir Teheran, under Ras p. 627, Tak p. 361, Mu p. 1147 means Mu grape / vine plant]
- ^ Wilhelm Eilers: Geographical naming in and around Iran. An overview in examples. Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Meeting reports, year 1982, issue 6, CH Beck, Munich 1982, p. 12 f
- ↑ Moodcity
- ↑ [نوشته هاي شهاب الدين ياقوت حموي در كتاب معجم البلدان و مطالب مندرج دركتاب بهارستان مرحوم آيتي]]
- ↑ s. a. Mood city office
- ↑ s. a. Wikipedia history of Birdschands
- ↑ Interior equipment
- ↑ Nowbari
- ↑ [s. Dr. Philip Whitfield (ed.): The great world empire of animals. London, England, 1992.]
- ↑ Das Erste, Documentation Wilder Iran ( Memento from November 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Isna