Nuragic culture

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Cultivation sequence on sardines
Sardinian-Corsican series
Nuraghe La Prisgiona / Nuragendorf near Arzachena in the province of Sassari in Gallura in Sardinia
The tegame (nuragica) is a " key fossil" of culture

The nuragic culture in Sardinia developed around 1600 BC. During the Bronze Age from the Bonnanaro culture . It was named after the typical towers, the nuraghi .

history

The nuragic culture is divided by Paolo Melis into five main phases and a total of nine sub-phases:

  • 1a Sa Turricula or Bonnanaro III or B
  • 1b San Cosimo or ceramica metopale
  • 2 Ceramica pettine / grigia
  • 3 Pre-Geometric
  • 4a Geometric
  • 4b Orientalizing
  • 4c Archaic
  • 5a Punic
  • 5b Roman

Sardinia cultivated from the 14th century BC Relations with the eastern Mediterranean, as is shown by finds of mostly Aegean origin, especially in the southeast of the island. One of the earliest import finds is a fragment of an ivory head from a warrior statuette. Also Mycenaean ceramics reached Sardinia at this time. The earliest pieces date to the middle or third quarter of the 14th century BC. BC (period SH IIIA2). During the 13th century BC Contacts intensify, especially with the Mycenaean culture and Cyprus . They also settled in the 12th century BC. Chr. Continued. In addition to original Mycenaean ceramics, there were also many locally produced vessel fragments in the Mycenaean style. Copper was in great demand in Sardinia. Noteworthy is the relatively large number in Sardinia discovered oxhide ingot . At that time these were the typical trade form for copper in the Mediterranean region. Oxhide ingots were mostly produced in Cyprus . It is not clear why they were introduced in Sardinia, since Sardinia had sufficient copper deposits. A trace element analysis and mass spectrometric analysis of late Bronze Age copper and bronze finds from Sardinia as well as copper ores showed that all Sardinian oxhide bars come from Cyprus, while the respectable copper and bronze objects of the Nuragic culture are made from local copper. It remains to be seen how the Nuragic population traded with Greece and Cyprus in return. In Sète in the south of France , a copper bar was probably from around 1100 BC. BC, which was probably made in Sardinia and imitates Cypriot ox skin bars.

External influence

When the Mycenaean culture around 1050 BC In the 3rd century BC, the Phoenicians won the sea rulership in the Mediterranean. They established branches from the 9th century (presumably with the consent of the local population), but began in 550 BC. To colonize the island. The distressed nuraghers attacked the Phoenician successors, the Punians, in 509 BC. And were occasionally victorious. Ultimately, however, there was a large-scale occupation by the Carthaginians ( called Punians by the Romans ). Between 500 and 238 BC They brought the parts of interest to them, mostly located on the western half of the island, under their rule and established several places ( Bosa , Bithia (Chia), Cagliari , Cornus , Nora , Olbia , Sulki (today Sant'Antioco) and Tharros ). This led to ethnic and cultural amalgamations. The nuragic culture, which created unique bronze figures , went under.

The construction techniques of the simultaneous Torre culture on Corsica , the Sesiots on Pantelleria and the Talayot ​​culture on the Balearic Islands are comparable to those of the Nuragher.

Buildings

In addition to the nuraghi , giant tombs ( Madau , Muraguada ) were also built. and shaped the late form of the Sardinian rock tombs ( Mesu 'e Montes , Molafa , Su Carralzu , Sos Furrighesos ). Between 1200 and 900 BC Nuragic complexes such as the Nuraghe Santu Antine , Su Nuraxi near Barumini and Sa Domu 'e s'Orcu emerged . Well sanctuaries ( Sa Testa , Santa Cristina , Santa Vittoria , Su Tempiesu etc.) were created. Nuraghi were also used in the Iron Age (1000 to 700 BC). In the late phase (900–500 BC) Nuragic settlements ( Serra Orrios and Tiscali ) emerged, especially in the province of Nuoro .

See also

literature

  • Giorgio Stacul (Ed.): Arte della Sardegna nuragica (= Biblioteca moderna Mondadori. Vol. 704, ZDB -ID 1008729-1 ). Mondadori, Milan 1961.
  • Paolo Melis: Nuragic culture. Carlo Delfino editore, Sassari 2003, ISBN 88-7138-276-5 .
  • Jürgen E. Walkowitz: The megalithic syndrome. European cult sites of the Stone Age (= contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe. Vol. 36). Beier & Beran, Langenweissbach 2003, ISBN 3-930036-70-3 .
  • Massimo Pittau : Storia dei sardi nuragici. Domus de Janas, Selargius 2007, ISBN 88-88569-39-1 .
  • Gustau Navarro i Barba: La Cultura Nuràgica de Sardenya (= Col·lecció Sardenya. Vol. 1). Edicions dels ALILL., Mataró 2010, ISBN 978-84-613-9278-0 .
  • Laura Soro: Sardinia and the Mycenaean World: The Research of the Last 30 Years. In: Fritz Blakolmer , Claus Reinholdt, Jörg Weilhartner, Georg Nightingale (eds.): Austrian research on the Aegean Bronze Age 2009. Files from the conference from March 6th to 7th, 2009 at the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Salzburg. Phoibos, Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-85161-047-5 , pp. 283-294.
  • Massimo Pittau: Compendio della Civiltà dei Sardi Nuragici. Ipazia Books, Dublin 2017, ISBN 978-1-9831-3865-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Paolo Melis: Civiltà nuraghica. Carlo Delfino, Sassari 2003, p. 6, ( online at Academia.edu ).
  2. ↑ A detailed overview of the imports can be found in: Laura Soro: Sardinien und die Mykenische Welt: The research of the last 30 years- In: Fritz Blakolmer u. a. (Ed.): Austrian research on the Aegean Bronze Age 2009. Files from the conference from March 6 to 7, 2009 at the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Salzburg. Vienna 2011, pp. 283–294.
  3. ↑ Up to 2016, complete or fragmented ox skin ingots were discovered at 36 different sites in Sardinia, according to Serena Sabatini: Revisiting Late Bronze Age oxhide ingots. Meanings, questions and perspectives. In: Ole Christian Aslaksen (Ed.): Local and global perspectives on mobility in the Eastern Mediterranaean (= Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens. Vol. 5). The Norwegian Institute at Athens, Athens 2016, ISBN 978-960-85145-5-3 , pp. 15–62, here pp. 37–39, 45, ( digitized version ).
  4. ^ Fulvia Lo Schiavo: The oxhide ingot from Sète, Hérault (France). In: Fulvia Lo Schiavo, James D. Muhly, Robert Maddin, Alessandra Giumlia-Mair (eds.): Oxhide ingots in the Central Mediterranean (= Biblioteca di antichità cipriote. Vol. 8). CNR - Istituto di studi sulle civiltà dell'Egeo e del vicino Oriente et al., Rome et al. 2009, ISBN 88-87345-15-5 , pp. 421-430.