Olive yellow incense slime head

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Olive yellow incense slime head
2008-09-29 Cortinarius subtortus (pers.) Fr 39725.jpg

Olive yellow incense mucous head ( Cortinarius subtortus )

Systematics
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Veil relatives (Cortinariaceae)
Genre : Veils ( Cortinarius )
Subgenus : Mucous heads ( phlegmacium )
Type : Olive yellow incense slime head
Scientific name
Cortinarius subtortus
( Pers .: Fr. ) Fr.

The olive-yellow incense mucous head ( Cortinarius subtortus ) is a leaf fungus from the family of the veil relatives (Cortinariaceae). Its fruiting bodies are colored in colors from olive yellow to dirty olive green. The mushroom smells like cedar oil or incense and tastes bitter. Microscopically the almost round spores and the occurrence of cystids are characteristic. The mycorrhizal fungus is associated with spruce trees. The fruiting bodies of the inedible veil appear from July to October in moist spruce forests. It is also called the incense head or olive yellow head .

features

Macroscopic features

The dull olive-yellow or ocher-brownish (with ± olive green tone) hat measures (3) 5–7 cm. It is initially rounded and later expanded into a cushion shape. The edge remains rolled up for a long time and is often hung with remains of velum when young. The hat surface is weakly ingrown fibrous. Dry it is dull and feels greasy or sticky, while damp it is greasy.

The rather distant lamellas are colored similar to the hat or darker. They are more or less olive-gray and dark rust-brown with age, their edges are whitish according to Laux. The lamellas have grown on the stem or can run down it for a short time. The spore powder is cinnamon brown to brown-yellowish.

The stem is approximately 4–8 (10) cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide. It is pale ocher and almost the same color as the hat. Occasionally it can also be zoned slightly yellowish. It is more or less cylindrical or slightly club-shaped. The veil is fleeting.

The meat is pale whitish to pale ocher and smells more or less of cedar oil (pencil wood) or incense. The taste of the meat is more or less bitter.

Microscopic features

The spores are almost round to broadly ovate and have warty dots. They measure 7–8 (9) × 5–6.5 µm and appear yellowish-brown under the microscope. In addition, the veil has numerous, real cystides , which can be found both on the blade edge and on the lamellar surfaces. They are cylindrical to club-shaped or spindle-shaped to more or less bottle-shaped and quite thick-walled. They are often encrusted yellow-grained up to the tip (walls in ammonia water (NH 4 OH) yellowish) and measure 50–80 × 6–12 µm (at the tip 4–8 µm).

Species delimitation

The olive-yellow incense slime head is easy to distinguish from other species. Characteristic are the conspicuous cystids, the almost round spores, the pale olive-yellow color in young fruiting bodies and the typical smell. Changing the color of the hat and lamellas in older specimens can be problematic, as the characteristic olive tint of young specimens is often completely lost.

The ocher-yellow mucous head ( Cortinarius amurceus ) can look quite similar . It has no olive tones and no incense smell. A somewhat larger relative is the bitter mucous head ( C. infractus ). It can also look quite similar with its dark olive color. However, it grows in the deciduous forest, mainly with beeches. In the subgenus Raukopf ( Leprocybe ) there is also a veil with more or less greenish hues, the green Raukopf ( Cortinarius venetus ). It occurs in both coniferous and deciduous forests.

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with evidence of finding of the olive-yellow incense slime head.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The olive yellow incense slime head is found in North America (USA, Canada) and Europe. It is widespread in Europe, but as a predominantly boreal or montane species it is only found scattered. It has been reliably proven in Scotland, the finds in England (South Hampshire) are unconfirmed. The veil is very rare in the Netherlands. In Northern Europe, however, the species is common. In Finland the veil is widespread as far as Lapland, in Sweden it is found up to the 66th parallel, in Norway even up to the 69th parallel. In Central and Southern Europe it grows mainly in the mountains. In Switzerland, 77% of the sites are above 1000 m, the highest site is 1950 m. In Austria, too, sites are predominantly alpine and subalpine.

    Like all veils, the olive-yellow incense slime head is a mycorrhizal fungus . In Germany, Switzerland and Austria it is usually tied to the spruce . According to P. Orten, in Great Britain it is mainly associated with birch and pine trees. It is often found there between peat moss and swamp myrtle . It has a preference for moist, acidic locations and boggy soils. The fruiting bodies appear solitary to gregarious from July to October.

    Systematics

    Taxonomy

    The olive-yellow incense slime head was first scientifically described by Hendrik Persoon in 1801 . Persoon gave it the name Agaricus subtortus . The Latin epithet subtortus means something twisted or twisted and refers to the stem that something is supposed to be twisted. The name introduced by Persoon was sanctioned by E. Fries in 1821 . In 1838 Fries placed the taxon in the genus Cortinarius , so that it received its current name. There are also numerous homotypical synonyms that testify to the various attempts to split the species-rich genus Cortinarius into smaller units. Myxacium subtortum (pers.) P. Kumm. (1871), Gomphos subtortus (Pers.) Kuntze (1891) and Phlegmacium subtortum (Pers.) Ricken (1915).

    Inquiry system

    Traditionally, all veils with relatively vividly colored fruit bodies, sticky to slimy hats and a dry stem are placed in the subgenus Phlegmacium . The taxon Phlegmacium was introduced in 1821 by E. Fries as a tribe of the genus Agaricus . In 1838 Fries made the tribe a sub-genus of the genus Cortinarius. Even if there have been repeated attempts to separate the phlegmacia from Cortinarius as an independent genus, this taxonomic classification has been preserved to this day. Various classification systems have been proposed for the subgenus Phlegmacium . M. Moser placed C. subtortus together with C. infractus in the section Amarescens M.Moser in his system . Characteristics of this section are: Fruit bodies with an olive-greenish color, bitter taste and the more or less round spores. This combination of features is unique within the phlegmacia. However, apart from the characteristics listed above, the fruiting bodies of C. infractus and C. subtortus are quite different morphologically. Above all, C. subtortus has real, encrusted cystidia. Therefore, Brandrud et al. in her "Cortinarius Flora Photographica" the two slime heads in different sections, in the section Infracti Kühn. & Romagn. ex brand no. & Melot and in the Subtorti Brandr section . & Melot. This view is supported by recent molecular phylogenetic studies, which show that the two supposedly related mucous heads belong to two completely different lines of development.

    In chemotaxonomic studies, in which the chemical composition of indole alkaloids in the fruiting bodies of the two species was compared, no closer relationship could be established. While C. infractus contains alkaloids of the β-carboline -1- propionic acid group, these alkaloids could not be detected in C. subtortus .

    meaning

    The more or less bitter tasting mushroom is inedible.

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  204 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 170/1 .
    3. ↑ Meinhard Michael Moser: Cortinarienstudien. III. Special part . In: Sydowia . tape 6 , no. 1-4 , 1952, pp. 17–161 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
    4. ↑ a b PD Orton: Cortinarius I . In: The Naturalist Reprinted . 1955 ( online [PDF]).
    5. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Cortinarius subtortus. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; accessed on October 20, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    6. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed October 20, 2015 .
    7. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Cortinarius subtortus. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    8. ^ Belgian List 2012 - Cortinarius subtortus. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    9. ↑ Jan Holec & Miroslav Beran: Red list of fungi (macromycetes) of the Czech Republic. (PDF) In: wsl.ch. 2007, accessed October 20, 2015 .
    10. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Cortinarius subtortus. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    11. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Cortinarius subtortus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    12. ^ Cortinarius subtortus. In: grzyby.pl. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    13. ↑ Ilkka Kytövuori et al .: Chapter 5.2, Distribution table of agarics and boletes in Finland . 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 , pp. 105–225 ( [1] [PDF] Original title: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko .).
    14. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.llv.li
    15. ↑ Grid map of Cortinarius subtortus. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    16. ^ Cortinarius subtortus / Norwegian Mycology Database. In: nhm2.uio.no / Norwegian Mycology Database. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    17. ^ Cortinarius subtortus. Pilzoek database, accessed October 20, 2015 .
    18. ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Cortinarius subtortus. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    19. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, accessed on October 20, 2015 .
    20. ↑ Christiaan Henrik Persoon: Synopsis methodica fungorum . sistens enumerationem omnium huc usque detectarum specierum, cum brevibus descriptionibus nec non synonymis et observationibus selectis. Henricum Dieterich, 1801, p. 284 (Latin, bibdigital ).
    21. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 222 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    22. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 273 (Latin, cybertruffle ).
    23. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 92 ( [2] ).
    24. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum. Secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig 7 London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( botanicus.org ).
    25. ↑ Adalbert Ricken : The agaric mushrooms (Agaricaceae) . Germany and the neighboring countries, especially Austria and Switzerland. Published by Theodor Oswald Weigel, Leipzig 1915, p.  144 , col. No. 85 ( bibdigital.rjb ).
    26. ↑ S. Garnica and M. Weiss and B. Oertel and F. Oberwinkler: Phylogenetic relationships of European and Phlegmacium species (Cortinarius, Agaricales) . In: Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 6 , 2003, p. 1155-1170 , JSTOR : 3761917 .
    27. ↑ Kare Liimatainen, Tuula Niskanen, Bálint Dima, Illka ​​Kytövuori, Joe Ammirati, Tobias Guldberg Frøslev: The largest type study of Agaricales species to date: bringing identification and nomenclature of Phlegmacium (Cortinarius) into the DNA era . In: Persoonia . tape 33 , 2014, pp. 98-140 , PMC 4312940 (free full text).
    28. ↑ Ilia Brondz, Klaus Høiland: Chemotaxonomic differentiation between Cortinarius Cortinarius Infractus and subtortus by supercritical fluid chromatography connected to a multi-detection system . In: Trends in Chromatography . tape 4 , 2008, p. 79-87 ( online [PDF]).

    Web links

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