Yellow-cheeked Cockatoo

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Yellow-cheeked Cockatoo
Yellow-cheeked Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea)

Yellow-cheeked Cockatoo ( Cacatua sulphurea )

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Parrots (Psittaciformes)
Family : Cockatoos (Cacatuidae)
Genre : Real cockatoos ( Cacatua )
Type : Yellow-cheeked Cockatoo
Scientific name
Cacatua sulphurea
( Gmelin , 1788)

The yellow-cheeked cockatoo ( Cacatua sulphurea ) is a species from the cockatoo family from the genus of the actual cockatoo . The medium-sized parrot mainly lives on Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands .

With its predominantly white plumage and yellow feather crown, the 33 cm long yellow-cheeked cockatoo is very similar to the Australian yellow-crested cockatoo , which reaches 50 cm. This lacks the ear patches, yellow feathers on the cheeks, as they are characteristic of the yellow-cheeked cockatoo.

Appearance

The nominate form of the yellow-cheeked cockatoo reaches a body size of about 33 cm. The plumage is predominantly white. The yellow ear mark is striking. The hood feathers are long and curved upwards. In the nominate form, these are lemon yellow. In addition to the yellow hood, cheek, and tail feathers, all of the feathers on the head, neck, and throat are yellow at their base. The feathers on the hood are white. The hand and arm wings are yellow on the underside of the inside flags. The beak is large and grayish black. The iris is brown-black. The eye ring is featherless and whitish. The toes are gray. Young birds that are not yet sexually mature are similar to the adult yellow-cheeked cockatoos, although their irises are dark gray. There is no apparent gender dimorphism .

The subspecies and their distribution areas

Distribution map of the subspecies of the yellow-cheeked cockatoo

Juniper and Parr name four subspecies of the yellow-cheeked cockatoo: the nominate form C. sulphurea sulphurea ( Gmelin , 1788) on Sulawesti and the islands around Flores; Yellow-cheeked cockatoo C. s. parvula ( Bonaparte , 1850) on Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores; C. s. abbotti ( Oberholser , 1917) on Besar and the orange-hooded cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata (Fraser, 1844) on Sumba. Franz Robiller also names the two subspecies C. s. djampeana (on Kayuyadi, Jampea , Kalaotoa , Madu, Alor and other islets) and C. s. occidentalis (in Timor).

The original range of the yellow-cheeked cockatoo is on Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands and a small island in the Java Sea . The distribution area thus extends to a small zone north and south of the equator and belongs to the tropical climate area.

Nominate form C. sulphurea sulphurea

Portrait shot

The nominate form lives on Sulawesi and has the largest distribution area of ​​the various subspecies on the 189,000 km² island. It can also be found on Butung (Buton) and other islands off Sulawesi.

Yellow-cheeked cockatoo C. s. parvula

The Timor yellow-cheeked cockatoo, which differs from the nominate form mainly by its smaller beak, is native to the islands of Timor , Alor , Lombok , Sumbawa , Flores , Komodo , Pantar and Semau . Larger populations can be found in East Timor , while in the Indonesian parts of the distribution area of ​​the yellow-cheeked cockatoos the population has declined sharply due to illegal catches for domestic animals.

Orange-hooded cockatoo C. s. citrinocristata

Orange-hooded cockatoo with its eponymous feather crown

The orange-crested cockatoo, which is highly valued in aviaries because of its bright orange-yellow feather bonnet, can be found on the island of Sumba . Sumba is one of the few Indonesian islands that are not of volcanic origin and measures 11,150 km².

The orange-hooded cockatoo population is small and has been declining. At the beginning of the 1990s, it was estimated at 1,150 to 2,644 specimens; outside the national parks, around 600 individuals were found in 2002.

Abbott's Cockatoo C. s. abbotti

Abbott's cockatoos have a less pronounced yellow ear mark than the nominate form and are 40 cm larger than the nominate form.

The Abbott's cockatoo was already considered extinct until 2008, when four breeding pairs and two young animals were discovered on the 500 hectare Masalembu Kecil Island ( Masalembu Islands ) northeast of Java . Thus the Abbott's cockatoo has the smallest and most westerly range of all subspecies.

Neo-zoo in Asia

A yellow-cheeked cockatoo (left) and a yellow-crested cockatoo in a park in Hong Kong.

In Hong Kong and Singapore , there are small populations of freed and escaped pets have emerged.

Habitat and way of life

Inhabitants of open forest areas, especially at the edge of the forest and agricultural areas z. B. Coconut palm plantations up to an altitude of 800, occasionally 1200 m above sea level.

The yellow-cheeked cockatoo feeds on flowers, berries, seeds, fruits or nuts, of which only a few food plant species are known, such as the flowers and fruits of coconut palm and maize, which are non-native crops.

They are diurnal birds that live in small groups and family groups outside of the breeding season. They start their day with a phase of plumage care. During this time, the calls of the yellow-cheeked cockatoos can be heard from afar. Then they look for their feeding grounds. During the hottest part of the day, the yellow-cheeked cockatoos usually rest in the treetops. They do not go looking for food again until the afternoon. In the late afternoon they return to their sleeping trees, which are usually used as such over a longer period of time.

Comfort behavior

Yellow-cheeked cockatoos show typical comfort behavior; Lantermann uses an illustration that shows the care of the wing plumage and the legs as an illustration of the corresponding chapter in parrot science. This behavior has an effect on mood.

Hazards and protection

One endangerment factor: Habitat destruction on Sulawesi. Clearing work 1980

The cause of the threat lies not only in the decline in nesting opportunities, but above all in the catch and trade, as is well documented for the orange-hooded cockatoo.

Due to the high level of endangerment, Cites upgraded the protection status from Appendix II to I. In 2000, the IUCN raised the threat status from "Endangered", which had existed since 1988, to "Critically Endangered", on which the species has remained.

In the mid-1990s, measures were taken in Germany to preserve the orange-hooded cockatoo in captivity through breeding, including within the framework of a European conservation breeding program , which broadcast internationally.

Reproduction

The breeding season is largely determined by the beginning of the rainy season. With their use, the breeding pairs separate from the troops and take possession of their breeding grounds. Yellow-cheeked cockatoos are cave breeders. The clutch usually consists of two to three, rarely four eggs. The laying interval is about two days. Both parent birds breed. In doing so, the female sits in the nocturnal breeding business. The incubation period is about 28 days. The young birds leave the nest box when they are around 60 to 65 days old. They are then fed and guided by both parent birds for a longer period of time.

In copulation , the male sits on top of the female. As with other cockatoos, the males can be extremely aggressive towards the females during the breeding season (at least in captivity) ; they can chase the females to death.

Attitude and cultural history in Europe

Emperor Friedrich II (1194–1250) is the earliest recorded European owner of a yellow-cheeked cockatoo. His work "De arte venandi cum avibus" ("About the art of hunting with birds"), created around 1240, has four very realistic depictions of a yellow-crested cockatoo, which presumably show the same animal.

Friedrich II had received the cockatoo as a personal gift from a sultan from Cairo before 1228, so Islamic trade relations reached as far as Celebes at that time, so the home of the yellow-cheeked cockatoo.

The menagerie (around 1690) by the Dutch painter Melchior de Hondecoeter . A colorful mixture of African ( African gray parrot , gray head ) parrots and Asian ( Alexandrine parakeet , blue-crowned hanging parrot - in typical posture -, Frauenlori ? Rainbow Lorikeet ) and two yellow-crested cockatoo. The lower cockatoo shows a typical posture, which is evidence that the artist had a living cockatoo as a model. The cockatoo sitting on the edge of the vessel is painted with an anklet, which was used to tie a parrot when it was kept on a parrot stand.

Since the 17th century, Dutch seafarers (the area of ​​origin belonged to the Dutch colonies ) brought more and more yellow-cheeked cockatoos to Europe. They appear accordingly on paintings - not only by Dutch painters - from this period. The first scientific illustrations can also be found at this time, for example by Conrad Gessner .

In 1788, Johann Friedrich Gmelin described and named the species scientifically in his revision of Linnés systema naturae . The species name "sulphurea" literally means sulphurous, in the figurative sense it is sulfur yellow, meaning the color of the hood. The current generic name Cacatua comes from a Malay language and is probably an onomatopoeic imitation of the cockatoo's voice.

In 1924 MT Allen achieved the world's first breeding in England . In the second half of the 20th century there were very good aviary populations of the nominate form and the orange-hooded cockatoo in some European countries. The difficult differentiation between the subspecies often led to mixed breeds. There are also hybrids with the yellow-crested cockatoo.

literature

  • Dieter Hoppe : Cockatoos - way of life, keeping and breeding. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8001-7155-4 .
  • Ingrid & Günter Schliebusch: Morphological and genetic studies on the systematic status of the yellow-cheeked cockatoo and yellow- crested cockatoo populations. In: ZGAP news. Volume 2, 2000, pp. 22-23. (researchgate.net ; PDF; 703 kB; accessed March 8, 2019)

Web links

Commons : Yellow-cheeked Cockatoo  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ D. Hoppe: Kakadus - way of life, keeping and breeding. 1986, p. 129.
  2. ^ T. Juniper, M. Parr: Parrots. A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale Univ. Press, 1998, ISBN 0-300-07453-0 , pp. 277f.
  3. ^ F. Robiller: Parrots. Volume 1, Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-7485-5 , p. 393.
  4. ↑ Michael J. Crosby (Ed.): Important Birth Areas in Timor-Leste. 2007. ( www.birdlife.org ( Memento of November 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) PDF; 2 MB).
  5. ↑ Sukianto Lusli, Pete Wood: Status and planning for the orange-hooded cockatoo project on the island of Sumba. In: ZGAP messages. Volume 9, No. 2, 2003, p. 22ff. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: www.papageienfonds.de )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.papageienfonds.de
  6. ↑ D. Hoppe: Kakadus - way of life, keeping and breeding. 1986, p. 129 and p. 130; Arndt: Lexicon of Parrots. digital version.
  7. ↑ Abbott's yellow-cheeked cockatoo back. on: N-TV. October 23, 2008. ( n-tv.de ( Memento from October 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ))
  8. ↑ a b D. Hoppe: Cockatoos - way of life, keeping and breeding. 1986, p. 132.
  9. ^ T. Juniper, M. Parr: Parrots. A Guide to Parrots of the World. 1998, p. 277; Thomas Arndt: Lexicon of Parrots. digital version.
  10. ^ T. Juniper, M. Parr: Parrots. A Guide to Parrots of the World. 1998, p. 277.
  11. ↑ W. Lantermann: Parrot science: biology, behavior, keeping. Parey, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-8263-3174-5 , pp. 124f.
  12. ↑ Sukianto Lusli, Pete Wood: Status and planning for the orange-hooded cockatoo project on the island of Sumba. In: ZGAP messages. Volume 9, No. 2, 2003, p. 22ff. compare also ZGAP messages. 1/1994, p. 18, 2/2000, 1/2002, 2/2005, p. 17.
  13. ↑ Rationale : Transfer of Cacatua sulphurea from Appendix II to Appendix I (www.cites.org pdf) ( Memento from June 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ^ BirdLife International 2010. Cacatua sulphurea. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Accessed April 20, 2012.
  15. ↑ When upgrading the protection status of Cites, publications by Marcellus Bürkle also served as a basis, which prove these breeding efforts: M. Bürkle: Zuchtprogramm Orangehaubenkakadu. In: Parrots. No. 4, 1993, p. 104; M. Bürkle: The conservation breeding program Orange-hooded Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata). In: ZGAP messages. Volume 10, No. 1, 1994, pp. 18-19; M. Bürkle: Cooperation with EEP. In: Parrots. No. 3, 1994, p. 67.
  16. ↑ D. Hoppe: Kakadus - way of life, keeping and breeding. 1986, p. 133.
  17. ↑ W. Lantermann: Parrot science: biology, behavior, keeping. 1999, p. 172.
  18. ↑ W. Lantermann: Parrot science: biology, behavior, keeping. 1999, p. 284.
  19. ↑ H. Strunden: Parrots then and now. Walsrode 1984, ISBN 3-923269-22-6 , p. 33; Ragnar Kinzelsbacher: Modi auium - the bird species in the falcon book of Emperor Friedrich II. In: M. Fansa, C. Ritzau: From the art of hunting with birds: the falcon book of Friedrich II. Von Zabern, Mainz 2008, ISBN 978-3-8053 -3868-4 , p. 119. Kinzelsbacher discusses the identification of the species and does not come to an unanimous judgment as to whether a yellow-cheeked cockatoo or a yellow-crested cockatoo is depicted here. The commitment to the yellow-crested cockatoo would also mean a commitment to certain subspecies. Erwin Stresemann had avoided the commitment in a way. Website with pictures of the cockatoo see: Detlev Franz: The parrots in the falcon book of Emperor Friedrich II (approx. 1240). ( Memento of February 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) 2001, on www.papageien.org. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  20. ↑ Ragnar Kinzel Bacher: . Auium modes - the bird species in the Falkland book of the Emperor Frederick II Mainz 2008, p.119.
  21. ↑ D. Hoppe: Kakadus - way of life, keeping and breeding. 1986, p. 133; F. Robiller: Parrots. Volume 1, 2001, p. 393.
  22. ↑ W. Lantermann: Parrot science: biology, behavior, keeping. 1999, p. 21.
  23. ↑ www.zoonomen.net , accessed on April 20, 2012. The quotation there is: "Cacatua sulphurea (Gmelin) 1788 Syst.Nat. 1 pt1 p.330"
  24. ↑ Hans Strunden: The names of the parrots and parakeets. Walsrode 1986, OCLC 916568951 , p. 72.
  25. ↑ Hans Strunden: The names of the parrots and parakeets. 1986, p. 34.
  26. ↑ a b c d F. Robiller: Parrots. Volume 1, 2001, p. 394.