Pantar (island)
| Pantar | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
||
| Waters | Sawusee , Floressee | |
| Archipelago | Alor Archipelago , Lesser Sunda Islands | |
| Geographical location | 8 ° 25 ′ S , 124 ° 7 ′ E | |
|
||
| length | 50 km | |
| width | 29 km | |
| surface | 686.52 km² | |
| Highest elevation | Delaki 1318 m |
|
| Residents | 30,000 | |
| main place | Baranusa | |
 |
||
Pantar , also Galiao, Putar, Also, Pondai; is the second largest island in the Alor Archipelago , which is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands in eastern Indonesia . Pantar is part of East Nusa Tenggara Province . The main town is Baranusa in Westpantar .
geography
| Districts of Pantars | location |
|---|---|
| Pantar | Northeast Pantar and the Batang Islands
and Lapang |
| West Pantar ( Pantar Barat ) | To the west of Pantar |
| Eastern pantar ( Pantar Timur ) | East coast of Pantar |
| West Pantar Sea ( Pantar Barat Laut ) | Extreme west of Pantars and the
Rusa, Kambing and Kangge islands |
| Central pantar ( Pantar Tengah ) | Center Pantars and the island
Tereweng |
Pantar has a north-south extension of 50 kilometers and is between 11 and 29 kilometers wide. The island area is 686.52 square kilometers. To the east is the larger island of Alor , to the west, across the Strait of Alor, are Lembata (Lomblen) and the other islands of the Solor archipelago . To the south lies the island of Timor on the other side of the Sawusee , to the north the Floresee . Together with the other islands of the Alor archipelago, Pantar is part of the administrative district ( Kabupaten ) Alor .
The highest peak is the volcanic Delaki at the southern tip of 1318 m . It forms the southwest end of a 14 km long, northeast sloping volcanic chain. Gunung Sirung, accessible from the village of Kakamauta, rises at the other end . This 862 meter high complex volcano consists of basaltic lava flows, its last known eruption occurred in 1970.
The largest place and port is Baranusa at the end of the Blangmerang Bay in the western part of the island on the north coast. Another coastal town in the north is Kabir on the northeast tip of the island. Most of the smaller villages are in the interior of the island.
The Blangmerang Bay cuts into the otherwise straight coastline from the north and, together with the Delaki in the south, divides the island into a smaller western and a larger eastern half. The eastern interior of the island consists of a plateau sloping slightly from north to south, which is divided by deep, transverse valleys and individual chains of hills. Outside the cultivated areas in the vicinity of the villages, the plateau is covered by savannah vegetation with Alang Alang grass (Imperata arundinacea) and groups of eucalyptus trees in between. Below the steep drop, a narrow strip of coconut trees runs along the east coast . The western part of the island, on the other hand, slowly descends towards the sea. Coconut palms also thrive around the villages and on the hills in the interior of the island. Lontar palms are widespread on the surrounding islands, but rare on Pantar.
Residents
The ethnic groups on Pantar include the Diang , who live in the Desas Muriabang and Tamak in the Central Pantar district .
Also Lamaholot Language (Soloresisch) is spoken on Pantar.
history
Chinese sandalwood traders visited Timor in the 13th century , but their reports do not provide any information about the neighboring islands. From the mid-14th century, the Hindu-Javanese likely Majapahit -Reich on the eastern Sunda some vassal small kingdoms have possessed, like the Empire Chronicle Nagarakertagama seen. Accordingly, they undertook a campaign in 1357 only as far as the island of Sumbawa , the chronicle still lists a number of islands further east for the year 1365, which are referred to as "dependent". Pantar is not mentioned in it, but the name Galiyao can probably be localized with the island.
The spelling variant Galao is found in a list of islands to which a Portuguese Moluccas expedition was the first European to arrive in 1511 . In Antonio Pigafetta's diary of the first circumnavigation of the world in 1522 an island Galiau is mentioned shortly before Malua (today Alor). Further evidence ultimately speaks in favor of equating Galiyao with Pantar. From the middle of the 17th century the name Galiyao seems to have disappeared as it is no longer mentioned in travel reports. There are at least some references to the word in local languages. During his Sunda expedition in 1910, Johannes Elbert heard from traders from Alor or Pantar who were called Galigau . At the beginning of the 1990s Susanne Rodemeier was told about a former kingdom of Galéau in the west of the island during field research on Pantar , after which a clan on Alor is called today. Rodemeier concludes from this that Galiyao may have been several small empires on Pantar and along the west coast of Alor during the Majapahit period.
The Portuguese rarely visited the smaller islands around Timor. The residents of Pantar, unlike some of their neighbors, did not convert to Catholic Christianity. Nevertheless, the island was important for the colonial power, as it was considered a source of particularly pure sulfur , which was needed for the production of black powder .
In 1851 the Portuguese governor José Joaquim Lopes de Lima sold the claims to Pantar as well as to the eastern part of Flores , Solor and Alor to the Dutch for 200,000 florins without consulting Lisbon . Governor Lopes de Lima fell out of favor and was dismissed when Lisbon learned of the treaty. Lopes de Lima died in Batavia on the return trip to Portugal . But Portugal finally renounced the territories in the Treaty of Lisbon in 1859 .
transport
Pantar is the largest island in Indonesia with no airport or runway. The boat connection from Alor is also made more difficult by strong ocean currents between the islands.
There is a daily ferry connection from Baranusa to Kalabahi on Alor. In addition, a ferry comes twice a week from Larantuka ( East Flores ) via Lewoleba ( Lembata ) to Baranusa and then continues to Kalabahi. Public transport on the island is handled by trucks and jeeps.
Culture
The ethnic groups on Pantar were proselytized by Calvinists and Muslims. The Christian villages are mainly in the interior of the island, the Muslim ones along the coast. The relationships between the individual religious communities and villages have traditionally been shaped by ritualized “family relationships”, which are held responsible for the political stability of the entire region. Violent unrest between the two religious groups, such as those that took place in the Moluccas from 1999 , did not take place on Pantar, but there has been a mistrust between some ethnic groups since 1994, which can occasionally degenerate into open conflicts. The distrust is related to the widespread fear of black magic . In the traditional religions either Lera-Wulan ("sun-moon") or Latala were worshiped as god of creation and world protector. The dead souls of the ancestors who were normally sympathetic to humans had a great influence .
Above all on Alor and Pantar there are depictions of Nagas , mythical serpent creatures , as protection on the traditional communal houses ( Adat houses). The old belief in these spirit beings was pushed back more and more. At the beginning of the 20th century, Christian missionaries burned all the snake-like wooden figures that were not hidden by the population in time.
A cultural boundary runs between Pantar and the islands of the Solor archipelago to the west, which is reflected in the different customs and languages. This border was already known to the Dutch colonial rulers in the middle of the 19th century and led to the administrative division into a Solor and Alor archipelago. To the west of Pantar the bride price was traditionally paid by handing over old ivory , on Pantar and Alor there were kettle drums ( moko ) similar to those of the ancient Dong-Son culture . In the west, the villagers traditionally built the houses at ground level, from Pantar to the east, stilt houses were common.
The regional languages belong either to the Papuan languages or to the Malayo-Polynesian language family . West of Pantar, in addition to the supraregional Indonesian commonly used today, predominantly Solorese languages are spoken, while on Pantar and further east the language fragmentation is greater and several dialects of the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages (part of Trans-New Guinea that are not related to the Solor languages Languages ) are common.
The languages spoken regionally on Pantar include, in alphabetical order:
- Belagar , which is spoken on the northeast coast of Pantar and the largest eastern neighboring island of Pura
- Kairab , on the east coast in Tamalabang. Greatest vocabulary agreement with the Belagar
- Kelong , in the northwest of the island in a mountainous region in the interior northeast of Kabir
- Lamma , a ritual language in the central interior of the country
- Nédebang , in the town of Baolang on the northwest coast
- Téwa , in several dialects in the center and in the bay of Blangmerang
literature
- Susanne Rodemeier: Tutu kadire in Pandai-Munaseli. Tell and remember on the forgotten island of Pantar (East Indonesia). Lit-Verlag, Münster 2006.
- Ernst Vatter: Ata Kiwan. Unknown hill tribe in tropical Holland. A travel report. Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig 1932.
- Bettina Volk: Religion and Identity among the Di'ang on Pantar, Indonesia: An ethnographic case study of a violent conflict. SEAS 2008, pp. 162-170.
Individual evidence
- ^ Administrative map of the Alor archipelago
- ↑ HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
- ^ Britannica
- ↑ Sirung in the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution (English)
- ↑ card Lomblens
- ↑ Roswitha Holzinger: The collection of the islands Pantar and Pura in the Museum of Ethnology in Frankfurt am Main. In: Tribus. Stuttgart 1970, pp. 17-20.
- ↑ a b Bettina Volk-Kopplin: "... and that's why she died so painfully": Tradition and indigenous modernity among the Diang of the East Indonesian Alor archipelago using the example of how they dealt with death. LIT Verlag, Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-643-11881-3 , accessed on November 19, 2015.
- ^ Robert H. Barnes: The Majapahit dependency Galiyao. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- and Folklore. 138, No. 4, Leiden 1982, pp. 407-412.
- ↑ Susanne Rodemeier: Local tradition on Alor and Pantar. An attempt at localizing Galiyao. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- and Folklore. 151, No. 3, Leiden 1995, pp. 438-442.
- ↑ a b History of Timor ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 805 kB) - Lisbon Technical University
- ^ Regional Government of Alor: Pantar ( Memento of February 10, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Syarifuddin R. Gomang: Muslim and Christian alliances. "Familia relationships" between inland and coastal peoples of the Belagar community in eastern Indonesia. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- and Folklore. 162-4, Leiden 2006, pp. 468-489.
- ↑ Bettina Volk, p. 165.
- ↑ Hermann Niggemeyer: Ata Kiwan. "People of the Mountains" in the Solor Archipelago (East Indonesia). II. Women's work. Institute for Scientific Film, Göttingen 1963.
- ↑ Susanne Rodemeier: From snake dragons and Rankennagas. Museum of World Cultures, Frankfurt 2008
- ^ Robert H. Barnes: Alliance and warfare in an Eastern Indonesian principality. Kédang in the last half of the nineteenth century. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- and Folklore. 157, Leiden 2001, p. 275.
- ^ Karl-Heinz Pampus: Seven days on Pantar. A journey of discovery in Ernst Vatter's footsteps. In: Karl H. Kohl (Ed.): Paideuma. Communications on cultural studies. Volume 52, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 135-147.
