Oriental sweetgum
| Oriental sweetgum | ||||||||||||
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Oriental sweetgum ( Liquidambar orientalis ), leaves and fruits in autumn |
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| Liquidambar orientalis | ||||||||||||
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The oriental sweetgum tree ( Liquidambar orientalis ) is a deciduous deciduous tree from the Altingiaceae family with hand-shaped leaf blades and capsule fruits. Its distribution area is in southwest Turkey and Rhodes . The species is sometimes planted as a park tree.
description
The trees reach a height of 20 (maximum up to 35) meters, but often remain lower. The trunk diameter is a maximum of 1.05 m.
As with all sweetgum trees, the simple leaves are arranged alternately. The leaf stalk is 2.5 to 5, according to other information 4 to 6 centimeters long. The leaf blade is 5 to 10 centimeters long, 6 to 13 centimeters wide and usually has five hand-shaped, elongated egg-shaped lobes. At least the three upper lobes form one or two further, triangular and short pointed lobes. The leaf margin is sawn. The upper and lower leaves are hairless.
The flowers are monoecious and without a flower cover . The male flowers, with a few stamens, are densely packed in racemose- like inflorescences. The female flowers, with a semi-subordinate ovary and usually two pistils , stand together in hanging, spherical and stalked heads .
The fruit stands are about 2.5 inches wide. The fruits are two-compartment, woody capsules with 5 to 6 millimeter long, permanent styluses that stand together in the fruit associations .
The leaves of the deciduous species are shed in the natural area in November to December, new shoots take place in February, flowering in early March. Fruits can be seen from mid-April, they ripen until September. Often the dry husks remain on the tree after the seeds have fallen out.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 32.
Distribution and ecology
The natural distribution area is in the southwest of Turkey and on Rhodes . Occurrences are also given for Cyprus , but are probably not autochthonous here . The small area has its center in the province of Muğla , smaller deposits exist in the provinces of Aydın , Denizli , Isparta , Antalya and Burdur ; all regions with a Mediterranean climate . About five species of growth are known on Rhodes, of which the Valley of the Butterflies is the best known.
The species grows in areas with relatively high annual precipitation of 1,000 to 1,200 millimeters, in drier areas only in the direct bank zone of waters. The species occurs from sea level up to about 500 meters, in the province of Muğla occasionally even up to 1,000 meters. It prefers open, sunny locations and is somewhat sensitive to frost. Locations are mainly wet floodplains with calcareous, sandy soils with pH values between 8.6 and 9.3. The oriental sweetgum grows in pure stands or mixed with other typical woody species of the Mediterranean floodplains such as Alnus orientalis , Fraxinus angustifolia , Laurus nobilis , Nerium oleander and Vitex agnus-castus , plant sociologically as an association Platanion orientalis made by Kárpáti & Kárpáti in 1961, named after Platanus orientalis . Similar locations are also settled on Rhodes.
The subspecies of the Russian bear ( Callimorpha quadripunctaria rhodosensis ) endemic to Rhodes migrates from June to September to mating in the valley of the butterflies, which is populated by a large population of sweetgum trees. The resinous smell of the oriental sweetgum tree may play a role in attracting butterflies; There are no nutritional relationships between butterfly and tree; the caterpillars are polyphagous and show no connection to the oriental sweetgum.
Danger
The population of the oriental sweetgum is currently estimated at around 1,658 hectares; 200 years ago, stocks of 7,000 hectares could still be developed. While the Harz harvest was the main threat in the past, today intensified land use, especially tourism and the construction of summer houses and second homes, is the main source of threat. In the Red List of the IUCN , the species is classified as "vulnerable" (vulnerable, VU) listed. Euforgen, the European Forest Genetic Resources Program, has published a technical guide for foresters on how to conserve the species.
Systematics and research history
The oriental sweetgum ( Liquidambar orientalis ) is a species from the genus of the sweetgum trees ( Liquidambar ) within the Altingiaceae family . The genus is sometimes assigned to the witch hazel family (Hamamelidaceae). The species was first scientifically described by Philip Miller in 1768 . A synonym of the species is Liquidambar imberbis Aiton . Molecular genetic studies have shown that Liquidambar orientalis is more closely related to the North American Liquidambar styraciflua than to the two East Asian species Liquidambar acalycina and Liquidambar formosana .
The variety Liquidambar orientalis var. Integriloba Fiori is separated from the typical variety ( Liquidambar orientalis var. Orientalis ) . This differs in its entire, unlobed leaf lobes. It is more widespread to the east and south than the typical variety. Their independence has been confirmed by molecular genetic studies.
use
The species has been used as a source of styrax , an aromatic tree resin, for many centuries . This is similar to that of another shrub species that is more widespread in the vegetation of the maquis , the Storax tree ( Styrax officinalis ). The resin of the storax tree is called "Storax", that of the sweetgum tree is usually called "Styrax", in Turkish "gunluk" or "sigla". It is formed after injury to the bark. It was harvested from trees about six inches in circumference, then about 10 years old, from March to September. Ancient reports by Theophrast and Herodotus about the styrax are related to the sweetgum tree.
The oriental sweetgum is used - rarely today - as a park or garden tree because of its remarkable autumn color. In areas with a temperate climate, it is more sensitive to frost and less vigorous than Liquidambar styraciflua .
swell
literature
- Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use . 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , pp. 374-375 .
- Franz H. Meyer, Ulrich Hecker, Hans R. Höster, Fred G. Schroeder: Woody flora. A book to identify the trees and bushes that are growing and planted in the wild in Central Europe. With bud and fruit key . Founded by Jost Fitschen (= Quelle & Meyer determination books ). 12th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1 , p. 568 .
Individual evidence
- ^ German name according to Fitschen: Wood flora . P. 568 and Roloff, Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze , p. 374.
- ↑ a b c d Krystyna Boratyńska, Adam Boratyński: Distribution of Liquidambar orientalis Miller on Rodhos island. In: Arboretum Kórnickie. Volume 29, 1985, pp. 3-11.
- ↑ a b c d Faik Yaltirik, Asuman Efe: Liquidambar orientalis (Hamamelidaceae). In: Curtis's Botanical Magazine. Volume 17, No. 2, 2000, pp. 66-71, doi: 10.1111 / 1467-8748.00249 .
- ↑ a b c Roloff, Bärtels: Flora of the woods . P. 374.
- ^ Fitschen: Woody flora . P. 859.
- ↑ Roloff, Bärtels: Flora of the woods . P. 375.
- ↑ a b Münir Öztürk, Ali Çelik, Aykut Güvensen, Ergin Hamzaoğlu: Ecology of tertiary relict endemic Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Forests . In: Forest Ecology and Management . tape 256 , no. 4 , August 10, 2008, p. 510-518 , doi : 10.1016 / j.foreco.2008.01.027 .
- ↑ Ralf Hand, Georgios N. Hadjikyriakou, Charalambos S. Christodoulou (ed.): Flora of Cyprus - a dynamic checklist. Liquidambar orientalis . Last accessed on September 2, 2016.
- ↑ Reinhard Elger: Field studies on the biology and ecology of Panaxia quadripunctaria (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) on the island of Rhodes. In: Oecologia. Volume 2, No. 2, 1969, pp. 169-197, doi: 10.1007 / BF00379158 .
- ↑ a b M. Özturk, CR Park, F. Coskun, G. Görk, O. Seçmen: Vanishing Tertiary Genetic Heritage in the East Mediterranean Liquidambe orientalis Mill . In: Environews . tape 10 , 2004, p. 6-8 ( online [accessed September 27, 2014]).
- ↑ A. Güner: Liquidambar orientalis var. Orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2, 1998 ( online ).
- ↑ M. Alan, Z. Kaya: Oriental sweet gum (Liquidambar orientalis) . In: EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for . Bioversity International, 2003, ISBN 92-9043-605-0 ( download ). download ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Liquidambar orientalis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ^ Philip Miller: The Gardeners Dictionary. 8th edition. John & Francis Rivington, London 1768 (online).
- ↑ Liquidambar orientalis. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved September 26, 2014 .
- ↑ Liquidambar orientalis. In: The Plant List. Retrieved September 26, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Aslı Ozdilek, Burcu Cengel, Gaye Kandemir, Yasemin Tayanc, Ercan Velioglu, Zeki Kaya: Molecular phylogeny of relict-endemic Liquidambar orientalis Mill. Based on sequence diversity of the chloroplast-encoded matK gene. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 298, No. 2, pp. 337-349, doi: 10.1007 / s00606-011-0548-6 .
- ↑ Hasan Peşmen: Liquidambar. In: Peter Hadland Davis (Ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 4 (Rosaceae to Dipsacaceae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1972, ISBN 0-85224-208-5 , pp. 264-265 .
