Palm fronds
A palm frond or palm leaf is the leaf of the palm family .
botany
The leaves of the palms are either fan-shaped ( fan palms ) or pinnate-shaped (feather palms ) divided. Leaves which are undivided or only have two columns at the top are rare. The very large leaves of the palm family can reach 4 m in diameter in the shade palm and up to 20 m in length in the Rapharia species. The latter have the longest leaves in the world.
use
Craft
- Braiding
Numerous everyday objects of the art of weaving such as mats , bags and baskets, ropes , headgear, etc. have been and are made from palm leaves ; Light furniture could also be made from the ribs of the palm leaves.
- Building material
Palm fronds are used in the area of distribution of the palm family (tropics and subtropics) as a building material, because of their water-repellent surface primarily for roofing houses and huts; see palm trees # building materials . To protect against storms, they were sometimes weighted down with stones or earth.
- Palm paper
Palm leaves have always been one of the most important writing materials in the Indian cultural area (see also palm leaf manuscript ). As manuscript sheets, they were cut to size as narrow strips about 30 to 40 cm or even up to 70 cm long and about 6 to 7 cm high, provided with one or more holes in the middle and loosely strung on a string, with which the resulting block was then artfully was wrapped and tied. These manuscripts are called palm leaf manuscripts , the writing material is called palm paper .
- subjects
Originally, fans were usually palm leaf products.
- Others
In addition, the palm leaf has been discovered as an environmentally friendly raw material for disposable tableware, and bowls, bowls and plates are made from discarded leaves of the nut palm.
Food etc.
- Palm kale
From the young, undeveloped palm leaves, especially from Arenga saccharifera , Cocos nucifera , Euterpe oleracea and Maximiliana regia , a vegetable known as palm cabbage is prepared in the tropics .
- fodder
There is also the possibility of using the long-fiber and hard-fiber palm leaves as fodder. Initial experiences in this regard were made with oil palm fronds in test facilities in Malaysia. The palm leaves, which normally remain on the plantations as green manure, are collected and chopped, fiberized, pressed, dried and pelletized in a factory. The pellets obtained are suitable for use in the diet of ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats).
- Biofuel
Dried-up palm fronds have been used as fuel for thousands of years. Crushed palm fronds, as well as the pellets made from them as described under the heading “Cattle feed”, are suitable for use as biogenic fuel. First bioenergy projects in Malaysia and Indonesia. a. Using oil palm fronds as a raw material is currently in the start-up phase.
Religious symbolism
Early history and antiquity
The date palm and the palm frond (together with the corn ear) are among the oldest known plant symbols known to man. The (date) palm was already the symbol of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia for the annual wedding feast of the gods Ea (female principle) and Nirhusag (male principle). Palm trees and palm leaves can be found on Sumerian steles, seals and temple ruins. This symbolism was adopted by the Assyrians who developed the palm with its leaf fronds as a tree into a palmette.
In Egyptian art, the palm and the palm frond have a less pronounced meaning in symbolism. The Egyptian goddess Renpet ( Renpet = year ), the goddess of eternity and youth, is represented as a woman with a palm branch over her head. In addition, palm fronds are depicted in architecture on some Egyptian capitals , for example the palm pillar , an Egyptian plant column with a capital made of tied , steeply towering palm fronds that slope slightly outward at the top.
The palmette- shaped ornament palmette was found in the fine arts of ancient Greece probably since the 7th century BC. Entrance (see article Palmette ) The Greek goddess of victory Nike and the corresponding Roman goddess of victory Victoria are found - mostly winged - as a young woman with the attributes of a victory wreath and palm branch (symbol of peace), sometimes with trophies. (The depiction as a floating figure above two or four-in-hand horses - biga or quadriga - was also common.) The depiction with a wreath and leaf is also common for the angel of peace on victory columns , which is derived from these deities .
The palm was dedicated to Apollo here. The date palm in Greek "phoenix" is linguistically closely related to the bird phoenix, which, like the palm, was a symbol of the resurrection. The palm and palm fronds found their way into Christian symbolism through Roman culture. In Roman culture, too, the palm leaf remained a sign of victory, triumph and joy
Judaism
From the palm fronds of the date palm , which is very common on Sinai, the Israelites built temporary huts when they left Egypt , so-called “Sukkot” ( Lev 23.43 EU ). In commemoration of this, the seven or eight-day Tabernacle Festival or Sukkot is celebrated with citrus fruits ( Etrog ), palm leaves ( Lulav ), branches of myrtle (Hadas) and the brook willow (Arawa).
In Judaism , the palm frond is also considered a symbol of Israel's independence (since the recapture of the Jewish temple by Judas Maccabeus in the Maccabees War ; 2 Macc. 10.7 EU )
Christianity
On entering Jerusalem , Jesus Christ was greeted by the people with palm fronds, an ancient symbol of victory ( Mt 21.8 EU ). In remembrance of this, palm sticks, palm bushes, palm broom sticks or individual branches are blessed and carried by the participants during the palm procession in the Catholic Church at the beginning of Holy Week . Sunday takes its name from this custom ( Dominica in palmis , Palm Sunday ).
With the symbol of the martyr's palm , a saint is identified as a martyr in Christian iconography .
The palm frond is also a symbol of eternal life. That is why it is often found - individually or with two crossed fronds - on obituaries, funeral ribbons and gravestones.
The palm and palm fronds were given a special place in Byzantine art, where they can be found in abundance on capitals, in book illustrations and sculptures. The palm frond is also a popular symbol in the Romanesque period of Central and Southern Europe, especially on capitals. Found less frequently in Gothic, the symbol was revived in the Renaissance and Baroque periods and is extremely numerous in the sacred space of these epochs.
heraldry
In heraldry , the palm frond is a mean figure . Representations can be found for example with the following coats of arms :
National coat of arms
- as a crest of the coat of arms of the Bahamas , together with a shell
- below the coat of arms of Cape Verde as a sign of victory
- in the coat of arms (seal) of Paraguay , where it stands with an olive branch for peace and honor
- below the coat of arms of Somalia
Bahamas Coat of Arms
Cape Verde Coat of Arms
Paraguay coat of arms
Somalia Coat of Arms
Coats of arms of the states and regions
In the full coat of arms of the canton of Zurich with the two "Zürileuen" (Zurich lions) as shield holders, who carry a sword as a symbol of war and state power and a palm frond as a symbol of peace (not so with the city arms); see article Coat of arms of the canton and the city of Zurich
Coat of arms of the canton of Zurich
Coat of arms
- in the coat of arms of the municipality of Fügenberg (Tyrol) as an attribute of St. Pancras
- in the coat of arms of the municipality of Karbach (Hunsrück) as an attribute of the patron saint of the place, St. Quintin
- in the coat of arms of Landser in Alsace a palm tree with roots and six "nuts"
- in the frame of the coat of arms of the city of Miesbach (Upper Bavaria), together with a laurel branch
- in the coat of arms of the Worms district of Neuhausen as an attribute of the patron saint of the city and the church, St. Cyriacus
- in the coat of arms of the municipality of Pfarrwerfen in the Salzburg region as an attribute of St. Cyriacus crossed with a red sword
- in the coat of arms of the municipality of St. Lorenzen (South Tyrol) as an attribute of St. Laurentius
- in the coat of arms of the local community Strotzbüsch (district Vulkaneifel) as an attribute of the city patron, St. Vincent of Valencia
- in the coat of arms of Vilchband (Main-Tauber district) as an attribute of St. Regiswindis
Coat of arms of Fügenberg (Tyrol)
Coat of arms of Karbach (Hunsrück) with St. Quintin
Coat of arms of Miesbach (Upper Bavaria)
Coat of arms of Neuhausen (Worms) with the martyr's palm of St. Cyriacus
Coat of arms of Pfarrwerfen
Strotzbüsch coat of arms
Local coat of arms of Vilchband with St. Regiswindis
Coat of arms of Nordheim am Main with the attributes of St. Laurentius, see also Laurentius of Rome (heraldry)
More coats of arms
In addition to the coat of arms of the Bischöflich Munster officialate in Vechta, two green branches crossed below, a laurel on the right , a palm branch on the left.
Coat of arms of the Bischöflich Munster official office
literature
- Lexikon der Kunst , Vol. 5. Munich 1996, ISBN 3-423-05906-0
- Lexicon of Christian Iconography . Lim. by Engelbert Kirschbaum. Edited by Wolfgang Braunfels. 8 vols. Herder Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau a. a. 1968-1976, ISBN 3-451-22568-9
Individual evidence
- ↑ palm trees . In: Meyers Lexikon , 7th edition, Vol. 9, Leipzig 1928, Col. 286 f.
- ↑ palm trees . In: Meyers Lexikon , 7th edition, Vol. 9, Leipzig 1928, Col. 288. Subjects . In: Meyers Lexikon , 7th edition, Vol. 4, Leipzig 1928, Col. 397
- ↑ Palm leaf manuscripts . In: Lexikon der Kunst , Vol. 5, Munich 1996, p. 395 f. Palm paper . In: Meyers Lexikon , 7th edition, Vol. 9, Leipzig 1928, Col. 286 f.
- ↑ pro-dp-packaging.de
- ↑ pack4food24.de
- ↑ Palm cabbage . In: Meyers Lexikon , 7th edition, Vol. 9, Leipzig 1928, Col. 288
- ↑ science-at-home.de , aegyptologie.com
- ↑ Palm column . In: Lexikon der Kunst , Vol. 5, Munich 1996, p. 397
- ↑ Orientalizing epoch . In: Lexikon der Kunst , Vol. 5, Munich 1996, p. 304; Palmette p. 396 f.
- ↑ muenzen-lexikon.de ( Memento of the original from August 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , muenzen-lexikon.de ( Memento of the original dated June 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ On the joy of victory cf. Meyers Lexikon , 7th edition, Vol. 9, Leipzig 1928, Col. 287 (Palme)
- ↑ jafi.org.il ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. sbg.ac.at ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. daleth-page.de
- ↑ feg-langenthal.ch ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ↑ mein-franken.eu ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Permanentlygrabpflege-niedersachsen-sachsen-anhalt.de ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ hk-bahamas.de ( Memento of the original from July 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ flaggenlexikon.de
- ↑ flaggenlexikon.de
- ↑ flaggenlexikon.de
- ↑ stadt-zuerich.ch ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ tirolatlas.uibk.ac.at
- ↑ bayerische-oberlandbahn.de
- ↑ tirolatlas.uibk.ac.at
- ↑ strotzbuesch-vulkaneifel.de
- ↑ Manfred Furchert and Jörgen Welp: Oldenburgisches Wappenbuch. Volume II: Historical coats of arms and flags of the Oldenburger Land from the Grafenzeit to the Free State , publications of the Oldenburg landscape Volume 15, Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-89995-991-8 , p. 45.
