Penicillium expansum
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Penicillium expansum spores on a pear |
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Penicillium expansum is a mold that oftencausesfungal infections in fruits such as apples and grapevines .
features
Features on culture media
On Czapek agar , a special nutrient medium , the fungus grows very quickly and forms flaky, tufted to pin-shaped ( synnematic ) colonies. The back appears cream to yellow with a brown center, but can also be orange to dark brown. Made from yeast extract agar, the reverse side is creamy yellow to orange. The conidia mass is dull green. A soluble brown pigment is formed. They don't grow at 37 ° C. The colonies react strongly purple to Ehrlich's reagent .
Microscopic features
The conidia carriers are smooth-walled and 200–500 µm long and branched with three whorls. The cylindrical metulae, i.e. the hyphen branch from which the conidia-forming cells arise, are 12-18 µm long. The also cylindrical phialides are close together, bottle-shaped with a short narrow neck and 8-11 µm long. The conidia are elliptical, smooth and measure 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 µm
Damage
Infected fruits are covered with a greenish or coffee-brown mold . Penicillium expansum occurs particularly often in grapes . Gross taste defects such as mold, bitter or musty tones occur in the wine made from it . In apples, it causes what is known as green rot during storage and creates the toxin patulin .
Ecology and diffusion
Infection occurs via air-borne spores . The molds feed on dead organic material. The moisture and sugar on the surface of the fruit are important for the spread of the infection. In orchards and vineyards in particular, Penicillium expansum can lead to major crop failures, as it can quickly infest large parts of the plantations with the help of insects . As a secondary rot pathogen, it mainly infects berries that have already been infected by gray mold rot ( Botrytis cinerea ). Infection is also possible through wasp damage and hailstorms or other mechanical damage . The fungus penetrates the cells through cracks and injuries in the fruit .
It occurs mainly on pome fruit such as apple, pear, but also on cherries, plums and other stone fruits , as well as on tomatoes, papaya , Albizia gummifera , quince , yams , walnuts and many other fruits and plants. It is distributed almost worldwide, for example in Europe, Africa, North and South America, Australia, Japan and Israel.
Combat
As a rule, it is not possible to actively control the fungi outdoors. The infected fruits should be removed immediately so that they cannot serve as a source of further infections.
Any measures that will prevent rotting and injury to grapes will be useful. The most important preventive measure is avoiding wounds.
Pathogenicity in humans
The fungus was classified as non- pathogenic for humans ( risk group 1 ). In a few cases, however, it caused keratitis . The toxin patulin it produces is dangerous.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Mycobank , accessed February 25, 2012
- ↑ ETH Zurich: Storage rot of the apple. Green rot (moississure verte, muffa verde, blue mold red). Online scripts. ( Memento of the original from August 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ U. Kück, M. Nowrousian, B. Hoff, I. Engh: Schimmelpilze. Lifestyle, benefit, harm, control. Springer-Verlag, 2009.
- ↑ Ruth Walter, Marco Harms: Approaches to combating green rot. DLR Rheinpfalz, Phytomedicine Department. Online ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 75 kB)
- ↑ HC Gugnani, RS Talwar, AN Njoku-Obi, HC Kodilinye: Mycotic keratitis in Nigeria. A study of 21 cases. In: Br J Ophthalmol. 60, 1976, pp. 607-613. doi : 10.1136 / bjo.60.9.607
- ↑ Osswald u. a., in: Food and Cosmetics Toxicology . 16, ISSN 0015-6264 , pp. 243-247 (1978) .
Web links
- Penicillium expansum in the Fungorum index
