Petro Doroshenko
Petro Doroshenko ( Ukrainian Дорошенко Петро Дорофійович , Polish Piotr Doroszenko , * 1627 in Tschyhyryn , Poland-Lithuania , † November 19, 1698 in Wolokolamsk , Tsarism Russia ) was a Ukrainian Cossack and from October 10, 1665 to September 19, chief Otaman Hetman ) in the right bank of Ukraine (an area west of the Dnieper ). He tried in vain to obtain territory that was independent of the Polish Union and the Moscow Empire with the help of the Ottoman Empire and was ousted by several Russian interventions from 1674 onwards. His main opponent, Ivan Samojlowytsch , succeeded him.
Life
Born as the grandson of the Hetman Mychajlo Doroshenko and son of the Hetman Dorofei Michailowitsch Doroshenko and Mitrodora Tichonovna Tarasenko. He received a good education, learned Latin and Polish, and was highly educated for his time. Before he was 30 years old, he commanded the Priluki and Tschyhyryner regiments of the Cossack army of Bogdan Khmelnitzki as a Cossack colonel and took part in the national uprising of the Cossacks against the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1648 to 1657 . As an opponent of an alliance with the Moscow Empire , however, he later supported the rapprochement with Poland operated by Khmelnitzki's successor, Ivan Wyhowskyj . As a colonel, Doroshenko traveled to Moscow in 1660, where he requested the abolition of some clauses in the article of the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654. From 1663 to 1664 he was Osavul (Colonel) in the army of the hetman Pavlo Teterja and from 1665 he was the leader of the Cossack regiment of Cherkassy . In 1664, the Metropolitan of Kiev , Yossyf Tukalskyj-Neljubowytsch was arrested by Pavlo Teterja and held prisoner in the Marienburg fortress for two years. Doroshenko was finally able to obtain his release and reinstated him as a metropolitan.
On October 10, 1665 the Colonels elected Doroshenko as the provisional hetman of the right-bank Ukraine and in early January 1666 the Cossack Rada in Tschyhyryn (Tschigirin) confirmed his choice. The exarch Jossyf Tukalsky, confirmed by Orthodoxy, went to Chyhyryn, where he acted as an advisor to Doroshenko. In order to stabilize the internal situation of Ukraine on the right bank, Doroshenko carried out a number of important reforms with the support of the Metropolitan. To get rid of his dependence on the Cossack officers, he created a standing army of 20,000 mercenaries. To strengthen the financial system of the hetmanate, he set up a new customs border on the Ukrainian border and began minting his own coin. He pursued a policy of colonizing the surrounding countries and formed a new trade regiment on the steppe border. The strategic goal of all of Doroshenko's domestic and foreign policy was to unite the areas on the left and right banks of the Dnieper under his rule. At the beginning of the new war against Poland , Doroshenko declared himself a vassal of the Ottoman Empire , and around 20,000 Crimean Tatars under Nureddin Devlet II Giray came to the rescue. On December 19, 1666, the combined Tatar-Cossack forces defeated the Polish Crown Army under Colonel Sebastian Machowski in the Battle of Brajłów .
The signing of the ceasefire Andrussowo (January 30 jul. / February 9, 1667 greg. ) Between Muscovy and Poland, neglected the political interests of the Cossacks on the Dnieper and Doroshenko was therefore looking for support at the Sublime Porte . In September 1667 the Cossack-Ottoman army under Doroshenko, which moved into Galicia, began hostilities. On October 6, 1667, the Crimean Tatars under Khan Adil Giray attacked the Polish-Lithuanian army in the Battle of Podhajce and tried to bypass the right wing of the Polish-Lithuanian army under Jan Sobieski in the following days. After the failure of the frontal attacks, Doroshenko besieged the city of Podhajce unsuccessfully . Even so, the Polish government was persuaded to recognize the autonomy of the Cossacks on the right bank of the Dnieper and the Horyn River as the new Ukrainian-Polish border. After Doroshenko had strengthened his position on the right bank, he led the Cossack army to the left bank of the Dnieper in May 1668, where at that time there was an uprising against Moscow in which the Moscow-friendly hetman Ivan Bryukhovetskyi was killed in his military camp near Opischna and as a result Doroshenko proclaimed on June 8, 1668 the hetman of all Ukraine. However, Doroshenko's leadership on the left bank of Ukraine did not last long. The neighboring states were concerned about the strengthening of the Cossack power and began to undermine it. They not only supported Doroshenko's rivals, but also carried out military actions in Ukraine. The Crimean Tatars also supported separately the Hetman of Zaporozhye Sich , Petro Suchowi . Doroshenko, who had already appointed Colonel Demjan Mnohohrischnyj as the responsible hetman on the left bank of the Dnieper, had to move his sphere of influence back to the right bank. At the beginning of 1669, with the help of Ivan Sirko , he succeeded in throwing back his domestic political opponent Ivan Sukhovich and the Crimean Tatars. His opponents took advantage of Doroshenko's absence on the left bank of the Ukraine in the autumn of 1668 by initiating the signing of the treaty articles in Gluchow and proclaiming Mnohohrishnyi as the new hetman. Under these difficult conditions, Doroshenko concluded an alliance agreement with Turkey (approved by the Military Council on March 10 and 12, 1669 in Korsun ) in order to neutralize the enemy attack and the threat from the Crimean Tatars and to provide Turkish aid in the fight against the Moscow Empire to obtain. The basis of the new military-political alliance was the agreement between Bogdan Khmelnitzki and the Porte of 1651.
According to this agreement, the territory of the Ukrainian state should extend as far as the San and a freely elected hetman should officiate independently on the right bank of the Dnieper. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church retained its autonomy within the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Ukrainian people were exempt from paying taxes and tribute to the Turkish treasury. The Porte and the Crimean Khanate were not allowed to sign separate peace treaties with Poland or Moscow without the consent of the hetman. The articles of the treaty were written in Turkish and Ukrainian. After signing this agreement, the Ottoman Empire declared war on the Kingdom of Poland.
In September 1670 Doroshenko was forced under the assistance agreement to begin the fight with a protégé of Poland, the Uman hetman Mychajlo Chanenko . In 1671, Doroshenko's hetman Ostap Gogol conducted military operations against the Polish army and Cossack detachments under Chanenko. In the autumn of 1671, the Polish Crown General Jan Sobieski launched a new offensive in Podolia , winning the Battle of Bracław and conquering Mohilev on the Dniester and Vinnitsa . In the spring of 1672 new large-scale hostilities began. Doroshenko, who had received military aid from Turkey, went on the offensive in Podolia. On July 18, Cossack regiments led by Doroshenko defeated the detachments of Chanenko in the Battle of Ładyżyn in the Cheetwertynivka area . From August 27, 1672, the united Ukrainian-Ottoman-Tatar army, led by Doroshenko, the Turkish sultan and the Crimean Khan, besieged the city of Lviv . Since the Polish government had no opportunity to continue the war, they concluded the Treaty of Buczacz on October 5, 1672 . The conclusion of the treaty, in which Poland renounced its claims to the right bank of Ukraine, was seen by the Moscow state as an opportunity to invade the right bank of Ukraine without violating Andrusev's ceasefire with the Polish-Lithuanian empire.
In June 1672 Ivan Samojlowytsch was elected hetman of the left bank instead of Mnohohrischnyj, who had been ousted from the top hetmanship with Russian help, and was confirmed on March 17, 1674. In the spring of 1674, the Moscow army, under the command of the voivode Romodanowski and the Cossack regiments led by the hetman Ivan Samoylowytsch, moved to the right bank of the Dnieper to Cherkassy and besieged Tschyhyryn on the river Tyasmyn. For two weeks, Petro Doroshenko's army successfully defended itself against the overwhelming odds. The Turkish-Tatar army, under the command of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa , came to Doroshenko's aid and then forced the Russian coalition to withdraw from Chyhyryn. Ukraine on the right bank came back under Doroshenko's rule. However, the situation on the right bank remained unstable and dangerous. The years of grueling war had completely destroyed most of the Ukrainian towns and villages on the right bank of the Dnieper. Residents of entire villages had to flee to the left bank of the Dnieper in order to find safe living conditions again. Doroshenko's authority began to decline. In autumn 1675 the hetman Iwan Sirko swore an oath of allegiance to the Russian tsar. The Moscow government asked Doroshenko to take a similar oath for his sphere of influence on the right bank of the Dnieper, which Doroshenko flatly refused. Ivan Samoylovych became Doroshenko's greatest rival. In the autumn of 1676 a 30,000-strong Russian army and the regiments of Samoylowytsch again besieged Tschyhyryn. On September 19, 1676, the assault began on the residence, which was now only defended by a detachment of 2,000 Serdjuks. After several hours of fierce fighting, Peter Doroshenko persuaded the Cossacks to give up the resistance as soon as he saw the hopelessness of the situation. After his abdication, Doroshenko settled in the town of Sosnytsia ( Chernigov ), but after some time, under pressure from the tsarist government, moved closer to Moscow. From 1679 to 1682 he lived after his appointment as Voivod in Vyatka . Subsequently, Doroshenko was entrusted with the rule of Yaropolche (Yaropoletsk, Volokolamsk district, 135 km from Moscow), where he died in 1698.
To this day, Doroshenko remains a controversial figure in Ukrainian history. Some consider him a national hero who wanted an independent Ukraine, while for others he was a power-hungry Cossack hetman who offered Ukraine to a Muslim sultan in exchange for hereditary supremacy over his homeland.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Article on Doroshenko, Petro in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine ; accessed on April 11, 2016
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Doroshenko, Petro |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Дорофійович, Дорошенко Петро (Ukrainian); Doroszenko, Piotr (Polish) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Ukrainian Cossack and Hetman in the right bank of Ukraine |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1627 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Tschyhyryn , Poland-Lithuania |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 19, 1698 |
| Place of death | Volokolamsk , Tsarist Russia |