Tatar-Cossack-Polish War 1666–1671
| date | 1666-1671 |
|---|---|
| place | Poland-Lithuania (now Ukraine ) |
| output | |
| consequences | Towards the end of the conflict, the Cossacks from right-bank Ukraine and Crimean Tatars ally with the Ottoman Sultan against Poland-Lithuania. |
| Peace treaty | Armistice agreements between Poland and the Crimean Tatars and Cossacks. |
| Parties to the conflict | |
|---|---|
| Commander | |
|
Khan Adil Giray (1666–1671) |
Regiment doctor Sebastian Machowski (1666)
|
The Tatar-Cossack-Polish War from 1666 to 1671 was a war between the Crimean Tatars allied with the Zaporog Cossacks from the right bank of Ukraine under their leader Doroshenko against Poland-Lithuania. The conflict culminated in the Ottoman-Polish War from 1672 to 1676 .
background
The Russian-Polish War , which broke out in 1654, was changeable and for the Cossacks actually meant a continuation of the Khmelnytskyi uprising . At the meeting in Pereyaslav (January 18, 1654), most of the Cossack leaders, in the presence of the Russian boyar and ambassador Vasily Buturlin, swore allegiance to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich . After the death of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnyzkyj , on September 16, 1658, the Hadjatsch Treaty was signed between representatives of Poland-Lithuania and the Ukrainian Sich of the Zaporog Cossacks under Ivan Wyhowskyj and Pavlo Teterja , which brought the return of the hetmanate under Polish rule. This split the Cossack ranks and plunged Ukraine into civil war. After some of the Cossacks changed front, the Russian army was defeated by a coalition of Poles, Cossacks and the Crimean Tatars in the Battle of Konotop on July 8, 1659 , whereupon the Hetman Wyhowskyj was overthrown.
The Polish-Lithuanian Union had to withdraw from the right bank of the Ukraine due to numerous Cossack uprisings . In July 1665, Petro Doroshenko was elected hetman of the right bank Ukraine and found the support of the Crimean Khanate , a vassal of the Ottoman Empire . To strengthen his position in the Chigirin area , Doroshenko introduced reforms, hoping to win the respect of the common Cossacks. In order to free himself from the dependence on his senior officers, he created the Serdyuk regiments, which consisted of 20,000 mercenaries who were only under his command. In the spring of 1666, Doroshenko used the internal power struggle in the Polish-Lithuanian Empire and sent his ambassador Podlisenko and an elder to the King of Poland to confirm the old privileges and freedoms of the Cossacks with new patents.
In the summer of 1666, the Polish Crown General Jan Sobieski sided with King Jan II Casimir against the magnate Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, who was supported by the House of Austria . However, Sobieski's participation in the civil war was unsuccessful. At Mątwy (July 13, 1666) he contributed to the defeat of the royal troops through incorrect tactical arrangements, he himself managed to escape from the battlefield only with difficulty. The Polish king, plagued by internal and external defeats, was compelled to give in to the demands of the opposition. In the Treaty of Łęgonice, he gave up his reform plans and thus indirectly laid the foundation for his own abdication. In order to capitalize on Poland's internal weakness, the Crimean Khanate, under the leadership of the new Khan Adil Giray, also changed sides ("Crimean Tatar alternation") and entered into an alliance against Poland with the hetman Doroshenko.
course
In August 1666, the main forces of the Crimean Tatars, supported by the Cossacks under Doroshenko, passed the southern borders of the Polish crown and began the war in Podolia . The Cossack hetman Petro Doroshenko had an army of around 20,000 Cossacks under arms, another 20,000 Crimean Tatars under Nureddin Giray came to his aid. The Poles under Machowski were encircled on December 19, 1666 in the Battle of Braiłów by a much stronger enemy and had to fight for a retreat, but were overtaken and defeated by the Tartars at Braiłów . A significant part of the Polish soldiers and the commanders-in-chief were captured by the Tatars.
Peace negotiations between the representatives of Poland-Lithuania and Russia near Smolensk resulted in a deterioration in relations between Poland and the Ottoman Empire . In the Treaty of Andrussowo January 30, 1667, both sides committed themselves to joint defense against the Ottoman Empire and its vassals, the Crimean Tatars. The Rzeczpospolita recognized the Russian rule over the voivodships of Smolensk and Chernigov as well as over the left bank of Ukraine (east of the Dnieper) including a strip of territory west of the Dnieper around Kiev. The territory of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was declared a communal rule. The publication of this treatise looked like treason to the Cossacks; The Tsar agreed that right-bank Ukraine should come back completely to Poland.
The now threatening conflict between Poland and the Ottoman Empire could be prevented by sending an embassy from Hieronymus Radziejowski to Constantinople , but the repeated incursions of the Crimean Tatars required immediate countermeasures. As early as autumn 1666, Jan Sobieski distributed parts of his troops along the border rivers Horyn and Dniester . He divided his forces into several larger cavalry units, which operated in individual areas based on a fortress. The Cossacks under Doroshenko and the Crimean Tartars under Kalga Khan broke into Galicia from June 1667 . At the same time, Sobieski began a campaign against the Tatars from Budschak , who had broken into the Ruthenian , Volhynian and Podolia Voivodeships . With his troops he took an entrenched camp near Podhajce, where a small fortress covered the road from Lemberg to Kamenez, while his cavalry was divided into two divisions to fall into the flanks of the advancing enemy. He used the infantry mainly as garrisons in Lemberg , Biała Zerkow and Kamenez-Podolski . The threatened area of Pokutien is divided into a northern and a southern half by the River Prut . Sobieski had only about 20,000 men available for defense, of which only 5,000 were infantry. Sobieski himself fortified his field camp with 3000 men near Podhajce on October 4th, thereby directly threatening the communication routes of the Tatars and Cossacks. On all routes they encountered mobile Polish troops that prevented further looting. Doroshenko advanced near the town of Haize at the head of those Cossacks who had chosen him to be their ataman. The combined troops consisted of around 30,000 riders, against whom Poland could only field 9,000 soldiers. In the Battle of Podhajce (October 6-16, 1667), Sobieski was able to repel the enemy while attempting to take the Polish camp by storm. The Cossacks and Tartars besieged the Polish troops in his entrenched position for ten days. About 20,000 reinforcements arrived on the tenth day and now Sobieski attacked the enemy army and won a decisive victory which, after negotiations with the Tatars (October 16) and Cossacks (October 19), ended in an armistice.
In the summer of 1667, on the news that the Tatars were beginning their incursions into Ukraine, the Tsar sent a corps of Russian troops under General Kozochev into the left bank of the Dnieper of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in order to enable them to repel their enemies. The intervention of the Tsar, who believed he was doing the Cossacks a favor, had the opposite effect. The Cossacks complained of non-compliance with the freedoms granted, adding that they could defend themselves. After these complaints, Kosochev's troops withdrew, but 15,000 Russians took their winter quarters in the Ukraine, which reinforced the Cossacks' distrust. Because Hetman Ivan Brjuchowezkyj, who had been loyal to pro-Moscow until now, realized that the majority of the Cossacks were ready to riot, he switched sides and agreed to chase away all Russian voivodes residing in the cities. On February 8, 1668, the Cossacks suddenly began to attack the Russians. The uprising included 48 cities, 14,000 rubles and 183 cannons were confiscated. Not satisfied with getting rid of the voivods' oppression, Brjuchowezkyj sent the Tatar Khan a request for an alliance against the tsar and tried to negotiate with the right bank Cossacks under Doroshenko. Only in Kiev, Neschin , Chernigov and Pereyaslav did the Russian troops hold out with partial support from the local population. Prince Romodanowski set out with his army from Putywl to liberate the beleaguered voivode of Neschin.
The Crimean Tatars then separately supported the hetman of the Zaporogerich , Petro Sukhovi , whereupon Doroshenko had to limit his sphere of influence again to the right bank of the Dnieper. Doroshenko transferred command in the left bank of Ukraine to Demjan Mnohohrischnyj and went to Chigirin himself. The ataman Iwan Sirko was an advocate of the freedom of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the observance of traditions. Therefore, working with a hetman who negotiated with Tatars and Turks became fundamentally impossible for him. Sirko tried to take advantage of the disagreement between Brjuchowezkyj and Doroshenko, broke into the Crimea and spread such horror there that the troops of the Crimean Khan had to retreat temporarily to the mountains. Sirko retired voluntarily after his incursion, after looting, devastating and cremating all occupied places. On June 17, 1668, Brjuchowezkyj agreed a joint military council with Doroshenko in the field near Dykanka . However, he was treacherously captured and taken to Doroshenko's camp, who had him chained to the barrel of a cannon and executed. Many of the Cossacks shocked by this left Doroshenko's side and submitted to Petro Sukhovi's insurgent units.
In the autumn of 1668 Mnohohrishnyj promised the tsar his loyalty, he was recognized by the Moscow Empire and on March 13, 1669 elected supreme hetman for the left bank of Ukraine. In Poland, anti-Russian feelings soon prevailed again, calling for the return of the city of Kiev, which had been ceded to the tsar for three years. However, the Moscow government under Minister Artamon Matveyev stated that the Poles had already violated the agreement because they had not given any help against Bryukhovetsky, Doroshenko and the Tatars. Doroshenko sent envoys to Constantinople, who told the Sultan that the whole of Ukraine wanted to place itself under Turkish protection. The Sultan accepted the offer of the alliance and also sent 6,000 men to consolidate the alliance. The agreement with Sultan Mehmed IV had ruined Doroshenko's reputation among the freedom-loving people of the Cossacks. Most of the Cossacks then defected to the Zaporozhye Hetman Sukhovi, who was so disappointed with the new political situation that he handed over his position to Mychajlo Chanenko and temporarily retired to Uman . The military aid of Turkey enabled Doroshenko to consolidate his position again: The Turkish ambassador ordered the Crimean Tatars back, who had besieged Doroshenko together with Chanenko and Sukhovi. Doroshenko complained in vain to the Sublime Porte, while the Crimean Tatars separately supported the hetman of the Zaporozhye, Petro Sukhovi. Doroshenko himself no longer believed in success when, contrary to all expectations, Sirko came to the rescue with a strong Cossack corps.
While Doroshenko devastated the districts of Ukraine, which had submitted to the tsar, in 1670 Chanenko, Sukhovi, and Yuri Khmelnytskyi joined forces against him and advanced with an army of Tatars and Zaporozhian Cossacks to Belgorod , where Doroshenko was staying. Doroshenko, who was recognized by most of the Cossacks on both banks as the supreme hetman, marched with a large relief army consisting of Cossacks and Tatars to Kotelwa , where the Russian prince Georgi Romodanowski had to lift the siege.
In the autumn of 1670 relations between the hetman Doroshenko and the Polish Empire deteriorated. The Polish Sejm had recognized Chanenko as a hetman, Doroshenko was declared a traitor and war preparations were made. Doroshenko called the Pasha of Silistra for help in order to jointly take action against Mnohohrischnyj. Doroshenko wanted to attack, but from November 1670 Polish units began to devastate the Dniester region on both sides of Kameniec . Doroshenko, hoping, with Turkish help, to unite the whole of Ukraine under his rule, joined forces with the new Khan and renewed the war with Poland. The attacks were successful and devastated the Polish border areas, whereupon the hetman Chanenko was called to help with the sitsch. At the news of their approach Doroshenko withdrew in time, whereupon the Zaporozhian Cossacks raised their arms against those whom they had called for help. On January 24, 1671, King Mikhail Koribut Wisonewetzki appealed to the Cossacks to break the agreement with the Porte and to defend the integrity of the Polish crown. Doroshenko invaded Ukraine in the middle of winter, but the people of Uman repelled his troops and submitted to Chanenko. Together with around 3,000 Budschak Tatars, Colonel Ostap Gogol and the Cossacks of the Podolsk Regiment moved into the Letichewsky district in March 1671 and initiated operations against the Poles and Chanenko. The villages of Kamenets Podolsk, the Masovtsy, Perkhovtsy, Cherepovo and the vicinity of Bar, Medschybisch, Deraschne, Staraya and Novaya Senjav, Zinkow and Hussjatyn were devastated. Doroshenko, who realistically assessed his weak military situation, sent a letter to the Brandenburg Elector Friedrich Wilhelm in April 1671 , in which he asked him to take possession of the Polish crown and promised to provide military aid. The Crimean Khan Adil Giray started negotiations with the Cossacks about mutual assistance that could help Crimea no longer be a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The Crimean Khan, who did not ask his sovereign for permission, was deposed by the Sultan in May 1671 and replaced by Selim I. Giray . Thereupon the Crimean Khan Selim asked his suzeran , the Turkish sultan, for military assistance, who used his vassal's call for help as an excuse to declare war on Poland-Lithuania and the controversial Ukraine between Poland, Russia and the Crimean Khanate for that Conquer Ottoman Empire. The settlements of the in the area of Bar , Mejybisch, Deraschne, Staraya and Novaya Senjav, Zinkow and Hussjatyn were devastated.
On May 13, 1671, a military council took place in Warsaw , which approved the campaign against Doroshenko proposed by Jan Sobieski, the Polish army began to prepare for the campaign. The King of Poland sent Chanenko, ataman of the Zaporoge, the mace of a hetman and gave him the power to rule Ukraine completely. On June 17, Polish troops under Gabriel Silnitski attacked the outskirts of Mogilev-Podolsky . They came under heavy fire from Cossack samopals, suffered heavy losses and had to go back. Around July 20, Doroshenko began the siege of Belaya Tserkov and sent his brother Grigori with 2,000 Cossacks to Podolia. The Kalnitzki Regiment was sent to the Khan's aid to fight the Khanenko Cossacks. On July 24th, the troops of Jan Sobieski, led by the regiments Smoliy and Stepankow, began their campaign on the southern border; on July 30th they were near Kamenets and camped near Orinin. When Sobieski received the news there that the Cossacks under Grigory Doroshenko were leaving Podolia in a hurry, he decided to start offensive operations. After learning of Mihaylo Chanenko's intention to advance to the Crimea at the head of 16,000 Cossacks and 5,000 Tatars, he sent the hetman Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki to Bar to join this force. On August 20, Sobieski set out with cavalry and dragoons after leaving all artillery behind Kamenez with the exception of 6 cannons and a regiment under General Koritzki. On August 23, at Mankowtzew (a recently burned village) near Bar, he united with the troops of the Hetman Wiśniowiecki. The avant-garde reported to the hetman that the enemy forces were not in Vinnytsia , as Sobieski initially assumed, but were concentrated near the town of Caves.
The Battle of Bracław began on August 26, 1671 : Sobieski's plan was to lure the Cossack-Tatar army from Bracław into the field and defeat it. Sobieski tried to lure the enemy into the field by attacking two banners on one side and several hundred light cavalry under the leadership of his Colonel Myachinsky on the second, but this plan failed: the Tatars hid behind the city walls. Then Jan Sobieski sent his forces into the gap between the old and the new city in order to cut the Cossacks off from the Tatars in this way. At the head of the attack were the banners of the guard regiments of Bidschinsky and Zbruschek, then the regiments of Senjawsky and Potoki; behind them met the right wing led by Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski (7 of Jablonowski's own banners and the regiment of the Kiev governor Andrzej Potoki); finally Dmytri Wiśniowiecki, with the regiments of his left wing. The avant-garde stormed into the lower town and almost broke through at the castle gate, despite the strong fire from cannons and Cossack muskets. The Tatars never noticed how they were cut off from the castle and squeezed between the poles in front of the castle and the moor on the west side. The escaping Tatars were pursued and dispersed over a distance of 30 km as far as Batoh. Even the fact that the townspeople in Ładyżyn gave the Tatars fresh horses and welcomed the Poles with cannon fire did not help the Tatars. Emir Ali later claimed that his Tatars only lost 500 people in the battle. Nemirow, Ładyżyn, Krasnoye and Brailow surrendered to the Poles; Dzjalow was stormed. Despite the defeat of the Tatars, Sobieski decided to return the Polish army to Bar for supplies, where he arrived on August 30th. Here he hoped to be able to strengthen himself with units of the crown and with Lithuanian troops. After Peter Doroshenko heard of the defeat of the Tatars on September 3, he lifted the siege of Belaya Tserkov and withdrew to Uman.
In this situation Jan Sobieski marched with 4,000 men into the Ukraine and occupied other villages. Finally, on October 21, Sobieski's forces defeated the enemy in the Battle of Kalnyk . Since the Crimean Khan was busy at the time suppressing the Circassian uprising in the Caucasus, there was a possibility of a complete conquest of Ukraine. Due to the intrigues of Sobieski's opponent - the Grand Hetman of Lithuania Michał Kazimierz Pac - the Lithuanian army stationed in Dybenka was disbanded and the soldiers who had not received their salaries moved away.
Continuation War and Consequences
The Polish successes in right-bank Ukraine in 1672 led to the intervention of the Ottoman army. Sultan Mohammed IV gave the Poles an ultimatum: "not to disturb" the possession of Doroshenko, who has become "slave to our high gate". The Turkish ambassador in Warsaw handed over the declaration of war by the Ottoman Empire to the Sejm on behalf of the sultan. King Mikhail began to justify himself that Ukraine had been Poland's inheritance for centuries and that Doroshenko was its subject. The Turks refused further negotiations and advanced across the Danube with their main army . The Poles tried to defend themselves, but the Ottomans were able to set up the southern border defense on the Dniester in no time. On July 18, Cossack regiments led by Doroshenko defeated the detachments of Chanenko in the Battle of Ładyżyn in the Cheetwertynivka area . Yuri Khmelnitsky was captured and Kamenets was occupied. From August 27, 1672, the united Ukrainian-Ottoman-Tatar army, led by Doroshenko, the Turkish sultan and the Crimean Khan, besieged the city of Lviv. Since the Polish government had no opportunity to continue the war, they concluded the Treaty of Buczacz on October 5, 1672 . The King of Poland asked for peace and delivered the entire right bank of Ukraine to the Sultan.
The civil war raged on the left bank as well. The hetman Mnohohrischnyj was arrested in March 1672 under Russian pressure and sentenced to death. Tsar Alexei Michailovich , however, pardoned him and limited himself to his exile in Siberia . In the following dispute over the hetman's mace, the favorite Sirko was slandered and banished to Tobolsk . All those who were considered the main candidates lost the elections. The mace (bulava) was received on June 17, 1762 by Ivan Samoylowytsch, the first hetman in Ukraine since Bogdan Khmelnitsky, who was loyal to the Moscow Empire. On March 17, 1674, Ivan Samojlowytsch was elected hetman for both banks of the Ukraine.
Butcher
An overview of battles with the participation of the Polish Crown Army during the "Tatar-Cossack-Polish War from 1666 to 1671":
- Battle of Brajłów (1666)
- Battle of Podhajce (1667)
- Battle of Bracław (1671)
- Battle of Kalnyk (1671)
literature
- Mała Encyklopedia Wojskowa , 1967, Wydanie I.
- Paweł Jasienica: Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów - Calamitatis Regnum .
- Leszek Podhorodecki: Chanat Krymski i jego stosunki z Polską w XV – XVIII w. , Warszawa 1987.
- Leszek Podhorodecki: Wazowie w Polsce , Warszawa 1985.
- Jan Wimmer: Wojsko polskie w drugiej połowie XVII wieku , Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, Warszawa 1965, Wydanie I