Ottoman-Polish War 1633–1634

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Ottoman-Polish War 1633–1634
date 1633-1634
place Podolia in Poland-Lithuania , today Ukraine
output Poland-Lithuania victory
consequences Peace based on the status quo ante bellum
Peace treaty Confirmation and extension of the Treaty of Chocim 1621
Parties to the conflict
Commander
Troop strength
up to 2,000 men (1633)
up to 55,000 men (1633)
unknown (1634) 		up to 3,000 men (1633)
up to 11,000 men (1633)
up to 35,000 men (1634)
losses

unknown

unknown

The Ottoman-Polish War 1633-1634 (also called the campaign of Abaza Mehmed Paşa ) was a military conflict between the troops of Poland-Lithuania under the command of Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski on the one hand and Turkish-Ottoman units of Abaza Mehmed Paşa on the other . A formal violation of the state of peace between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire was not connected with this. Although the Ottoman Sultan was officially not a war party himself, he tolerated his subordinate's plans for war. The events are also known as the Ottoman-Polish War 1633–1634.

The background

Abaza Mehmed Paşa, a former Abkhazian slave, was a major Ottoman official who was appointed Beylerbey of the Ottoman Greater Silistria Province in 1632 , which included parts of what is now Bulgaria , Romania and the Ukraine . After the death of the Polish King Sigismund III. Wasa , the Russian Tsar Michael I broke the armistice of Deulino and started a war against Poland-Lithuania, the Russo-Polish War 1632–1634 . At the request of the tsar, Abaza mobilized Turkish troops from Silistria, which he reinforced with further vassals of the Sublime Porte , the Moldovans , Wallachians and the horde of Nogai Tatars from the Jedisan and Budschak . At that time, Sultan Murad IV did not want to risk an open war of the Ottoman Empire against Poland-Lithuania , as he saw threats more in the Asian half of his empire. It is possible that some members of the Sublime Porte authorized the Beylerbey's action, but there is no evidence of this.

The campaigns of 1633

Around June 29, 1633, a combat unit of up to 2,000 men of the Nogai Tatars from the Budschak devastated the area around Kamieniec Podolski , an important town and fortress in the Podolia region . It is not known whether the Nogai did this on their own initiative or whether they were sent to scout on Abaza's instructions. After two days, the Tatars returned to the territory of the Principality of Moldova , which was a vassal principality of the Ottoman Empire, with their booty and the prisoners (Jasyr).

Koniecpolski, who was in Bar , immediately took up the chase with around 3,000 cavalry men as soon as news of the Tatar raid reached him. Koniecpolski crossed the Polish-Ottoman border river Dniester and, without attracting attention, reached the Moldovan area of ​​the Ottoman Empire, which a few decades earlier had been the deployment area of ​​a previous war between the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania. By believing that the Tatars were safe in the area of ​​Moldova and slowing down their pace, Hetman Koniecpolski and his horsemen were able to successfully capture them on July 4, 1633 near Sasowy Róg on the Prut River . The Poles killed many opponents, captured others, and the rest quickly dispersed. Among the prisoners were some high representatives of the Nogai authorities, such as the son-in-law of Khan Temir (in Polish Kantymir), who was a Khan of the Nogai Horde in Budschak. Most of the booty of the Tatars was recovered by the Polish general.

Koniecpolski, who had an extensive espionage network in the region and was responsible for foreign policy in the south of Poland, probably knew Abaza Paşa's war plans against Poland. He returned to the left bank of the Dniester and built a war camp near Kamieniec Podolski. Then he called for reinforcements of his troops, which were about 3,000 strong. About 8,000 men, consisting of Cossacks and private associations of regional magnates from Ukraine, answered the call . Abaza began his march in the second half of September with around 30,000 Turkish-Ottoman troops and around 10,000 men from Wallachia and Moldova. He was joined by an approximately 15,000-strong task force of the Nogai Tatars from the Jedisan and Budschak, which was led by Kantymir. In the middle of October he was near Chotyn and knew Koniecpolski's preparations. Abaza first played the diplomatic card to outmaneuver Koniecpolski. Unsuccessful in doing so, he decided to hasten his plans by crossing the Dniester. The battle of Kamieniec Podolski or Paniowce began with Kantymir's attacks on October 20 against the heavily armored war camp of Koniecpolski. On October 22nd, Abaza personally intervened in the war with all of his forces. His army, despite numerical superiority, did not succeed in breaking through the Polish positions. Thereupon Abaza Paşa ordered the undisturbed retreat from the victorious Poles into the Ottoman Empire because of heavy losses in their own ranks.

The year 1634 and the consequences

In 1634 the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania were on the brink of declared war . In April 1634, Sultan Murad IV received the Polish envoy Alexander Trzebinski, whom he insulted at a public reception. He also demanded tribute payments and the acceptance of Islam by the Polish king. He himself prepared a huge armed force against the Rzeczpospolita , which was gathering in Adrianople . But instead of supporting the sultan's war preparations, one of his most powerful vassals, Canibek Giray , the khan of Crimea , decided to intervene in the Russo-Polish war. The Crimean Tatars repeatedly devastated the Russian heartland in exchange for Polish subsidies . This and the failed Russian siege of Smolensk caused Tsar Michael I to seek peace from King Władysław IV. Both then concluded the Treaty of Polanów in June 1634 .

After the peace agreement with the Russians, the Polish King Władysław IV. Wasa in turn prepared for war against the Turks. He ordered the battle-hardened regiments of the Smolensk Campaign to show their power south to Podolia, right up to the border with the Ottoman Empire, so that as a result around 35,000 men, exclusive Cossack auxiliary troops, gathered around the command of Koniecpolski. Abaza Mehmed Pascha was removed from office in the spring of 1634 and replaced by Murtaza Pascha. With the mediation of the Austrian-Imperial Ambassador von Puchheim, he sent his emissary Çavuş Şahin Ağa with Trzebinski to Warsaw, which opened the Reichstag to sound out peace conditions and to renew the peace of 1621 . Negotiations between Çavuş Şahin Ağa and Koniecpolski followed in August.

In the official talks, Abaza's unauthorized actions against Poland were reprimanded and promised to punish him. As a result, he was executed on August 24, 1634 for " mutiny " on the orders of the Sultan .

The new peace treaty concluded between Poland and Turkey in August 1634 was confirmed by Murtaza Pascha in September 1634. An official confirmation of the agreements made (1. The Sultan fixed the resettlement of the Nogai Horde in the Budschak. 2. The Polish king promised stricter control of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. 3. The occupation of the princes' seats in Moldavia and Wallachia by the Sultan required permission from the Polish king. 4. The Polish fortresses along the Dniester on the border with Turkey were not destroyed, as the sultan had originally requested. 5. An exchange of prisoners was agreed and the trade agreement between the two kingdoms was renewed.) in the new peace treaty took place by Ahdnâme by the Ottoman ruler Murad IV in the last days of October 1634. A resettlement of the Nogai horde in Budschak, which the sultan had promised on this occasion, did not take place afterwards.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1632 and 1633 in the war against Russia - Brian Davies: Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500 1700 , 2007
  2. ↑ Janusz Sikorski: Polskie tradycje wojskowe , Volume 1, p. 290, 1990
  3. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , p. 271, 1864
  4. ^ According to Oskar Halecki: The Cambridge History of Poland , p. 490, 1633 about 50,000 men at Kamieniec Podolski on the Turkish side.
  5. ↑ Probably tens of thousands. According to Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 510, a 20,000-strong vanguard left at the end of June under Murtaza Pascha on the orders of Sultan Adrianople, where they were on the Danube stopped.
  6. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , p. 271, 1864
  7. ^ Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie: Dzieje narodu polskiego , vol. 2, p. 206, 1835
  8. ^ Paweł Jasienica: The Commonwealth of Both Nations:. Silver age , p. 265, 1987
  9. ↑ Gotthold Rhode : Poland-Lithuania from the end of the connection with Hungary to the end of the Vasas (1444–1669) , In: Josef Engel (ed.): The emergence of modern Europe (= Handbook of European History , ed. V. Theodor Schieder , Vol. 3), Union Verlag, Stuttgart 1971, p. 1047
  10. ↑ Wolfgang Gust : The Empire of the Sultans: A History of the Ottoman Empire , p. 186, 1995; Leszek Podhorodecki: Wojna polsko-turecka 1633-1634 , r. 27, in “Studia i Materiały do ​​Historii Wojskowości”, T. 20, Warszawa, 1976; “Studia i Materiały do ​​Historii Wojskowości”, Volume 19, Issues 1-2, p. 12, 1973; Janusz Sikorski: Polskie tradycje wojskowe , Vol. 1, p. 479
  11. ↑ Zygmunt Abrahamowicz: The Turkish Wars in Historical Research , p. 61, 1983
  12. ^ Dariusz Kolodziejczyk: The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents . Brill, Leiden 2011, p. 141.
  13. ^ Stanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808 , Cambridge University Press, 1976, p. 199
  14. ^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 505 f.
  15. ^ Dariusz Kolodziejczyk: The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents . Brill, Leiden 2011, p. 143.
  16. ↑ Janusz Sikorski: Polskie tradycje wojskowe , Volume 1, p. 290, 1990
  17. ↑ Józef Szujski: Historyi POLSKIEJ treściwie opowiedzianéj ksiąg dwanaście , p 263, 1880
  18. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , p. 271, 1864
  19. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , p. 271, 1864
  20. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , p. 271, 1864
  21. ^ Robert Nisbet Bain : Slavonic Europe. A Political History of Poland from 1447 to 1796 , Read Books, 2006, p. 198
  22. ↑ Jakub Sobieski, Józef Długosz: Peregrynacja po Europie: (1607-1613); Droga do Baden: (1638) , p. 308, 1991
  23. ^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 506.
  24. ^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 508
  25. ^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 506
  26. ^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 506
  27. ^ Paweł Jasienica: The Commonwealth of Both Nations:. Silver age , p. 338, 1987
  28. ^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 510
  29. ^ Robert Nisbet Bain, Slavonic Europe. A Political History of Poland from 1447 to 1796 , Read Books, 2006, p. 198
  30. ^ Oskar Halecki: The Cambridge History of Poland , p. 490.
  31. ^ Paweł Jasienica: The Commonwealth of Both Nations:. Silver age , p. 265, 1987
  32. ^ Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen, Johann Heinrich Möller: History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Volume 4, Perthes, Gotha 1856, p. 510
  33. ^ Dariusz Kolodziejczyk: The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Brill, Leiden 2011, p. 143 / p. 144
  34. ^ Dariusz Kołodziejczyk (Ed.): Ottoman-Polish Diplomatic Relations (15th-18th Century). An Annotated Edition of ʻahdnames and Other Documents . Brill, Leiden 2000, p. 60.
  35. ↑ J. Sikorski (red.), Józef Dyskant: Polskie tradycje wojskowe , wyd. Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej (MON), Warszawa, 1990, p. 295
  36. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , Volume 3, 1864, p. 272
  37. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , Volume 3, 1864, p. 272
  38. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , Volume 3, 1864, p. 272
  39. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , Volume 3, 1864, p. 272
  40. ↑ Józef Szujski: Dzieje Polski: podług ostatnich badań , Volume 3, 1864, p. 272
  41. ^ Dariusz Kolodziejczyk: The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Brill, Leiden 2011, p. 143 / p. 144

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