Horse omnibus
A horse omnibus is an omnibus that is pulled by horses . In Switzerland horses buses are just like horse tracks also Rösslitram called.
history
The world's first horse bus, the “ carrosses à cinq sols ” , was introduced in Paris in 1662 at the suggestion of Blaise Pascal , but was discontinued after a few years.
The first regular line service operated in Austria from 1730 the post office car , after the post office, before that taxis and then couples , from Charles VI. had been declared a state monopoly. Private carriages were already in operation at this time, but they did not take up regular service until the later 18th century. Otherwise you had to rent a country coach . These early forms still corresponded to today's minibus , with only a comparatively few seats.
It was not until the end of the 18th century that inner-city bus routes with work horses as draft animals were set up again in European cities . Since the train stations were often outside the city centers and the cities grew incessantly, there was a need for local transport lines to replace the wagons (forerunners of today's taxis). In the Biedermeier period around 1820, the company carriages also appeared as larger rental carriages. The name "Omnibus" ('for everyone') for the inner-city parking car can be traced back to 1842.
Start of operation of some bus services:
- 1730 post car line Vienna - Graz ; private line Graz– Fiume
- 1790 in Vienna (Rotenturmtor caravan - Danube baths)
- 1824 in Manchester by John Greenwood , first bus route in Great Britain
- 1825 between Berlin ( Brandenburg Gate ) and Charlottenburg by Simon Kremser , first bus line in Germany , already with a timetable , later other lines from gates of the Berlin customs wall to the surrounding communities and cities. The type of car he introduced, now called Kremser after him , was sprung and offered space for many passengers , but only had a hood to protect against the weather.
- 1826 in Nantes with two sprung carriages for 16 passengers each by Étienne Bureau and Stanislas Baudry
- 1828 in Paris by Stanislas Baudry
- 1829 in London by George Shillibeer
- late 1820s in New York
- 1838 in Dresden , the first horse-drawn carriage with a fixed roof in Germany
- October 31, 1839 Regular service every half hour between Hamburg and Altona by the company Basson & Co.
- 1840 first inner-city line in Berlin between Potsdamer Bahnhof and Alexanderplatz with three horse-drawn buses but without a fixed timetable through Israel Moses Henoch
- no later than 1845 in Cologne
- January 1, 1847 Concessioned Berliner Omnibus Compagnie with finally five lines
Trams were much more comfortable than horse-drawn buses on the pavement of the time . In large cities, horse-drawn trams competed with horse-drawn buses. In many less large cities, the horse-drawn bus routes were discontinued with the introduction of the tram. Examples of this are Bielefeld in 1900 (after 14 years of bus traffic), as well as in 1901 the companies in Münster (Westphalia) (after 13 years of bus traffic) and in Freiburg im Breisgau (after 10 years of bus traffic).
In the first two and a half decades of the 20th century, combustion engines and pneumatic tires matured to such an extent that petrol and later diesel- powered buses became competitive.
The last horse buses were shut down in the 1920s. While the last horse-drawn bus line in London was discontinued in 1914 and in Hamburg in 1918, the horse-drawn bus routes in Berlin were able to hold their own for a few years longer. On June 21, 1920, the last Berlin horse-drawn bus was in daytime traffic, and on August 25, 1923, the last Berlin horse-drawn bus was also in night traffic.
Car shape
Large carriages were used , that is, wagons with suspension and a hood . While Simon Kremser still used wagons with a tarpaulin as a roof, a type of car that is now called Kremser after him , most horse-drawn buses had a closed car body and glass windows. The passenger compartment usually had a longitudinal bench on both sides. Entry and exit were mostly through a rear door, often with a small platform. Quite a few horse-drawn buses were double-deckers . The benches were mounted back to back on the roof of the car. The different positions of the aisles inside and on the upper deck made it possible to save height. A small spiral staircase led to the roof of the car.
Even on buses without passengers on the upper deck, the driver's seat was often on the roof. In the regular service, the horse-drawn buses were mostly driven as single or two-horse vehicles.
The Cars Ripert , which were widespread in France from the 1870s, looked like horse-drawn tram cars with platforms open at both ends. They also found buyers in Spain, Belgium and Switzerland.
See also
literature
- Marcus Grän: The development of city traffic in Hamburg: From horse-drawn buses to elevated trains . Grin, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-640-20210-2 ( page 4 f. ).
- Ulrich Werner Grimm : Simon Kremser . A name becomes a legend . Published by the Centrum Judaicum , Hentrich & Hentrich , Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-938485-28-6 (= Jewish miniatures , volume 40).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Post in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
- ↑ a b c Stellwagen in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
- ^ Landkutsche in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
- ↑ wage cars in Vienna History Wiki of the city of Vienna
- ^ Social car in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
- ↑ Omnibus in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
- ^ Ulrich Werner Grimm : Simon Kremser. A name becomes a legend . Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-938485-28-6 ( Jewish miniatures 40).
- ↑ Ulrich Werner Grimm : Simon Kremser - legend and lived life . In: Berlinische monthly 9/1995 at the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein , pp. 14-25.
- ↑ Simon Kremser currently . Text agency Grimm.
- ↑ Ville de Nantes: Nantes, capitale des transports en commun
- ^ The Proceedings of the Old Bailey ...: Transport: Horse-Drawn Coaches and Omnibuses
- ^ New York Transit Museum: History of Public Transportation in New York City
- ↑ Elfi Bendikat: Local Public Transport Policy in Berlin and Paris 1839 to 1914 (Walter de Gruyter), page 103
- ↑ Cecilengarten Berlin: time frame (to Henoch's bus line)
- ↑ Omnibus-Condukteur , accessed on May 6, 2014