Planting and seedlings in forestry
The plantation forestry referred to the spreading of seedlings . Despite a large proportion of natural regeneration in stand regeneration , planting is still of great importance. In addition to sowing , planting is another way of artificially rejuvenating forests. Compared to the seeds, the forest plants have an age and height advantage when applied and can thus overcome young dangers better. Reasons for artificial rejuvenation can include: B. the change of tree species in the case of not planting appropriate to the site or the afforestation of open spaces after a storm or snow break. The decisive factors for the success of a new planting are that tree species appropriate to the location are selected and that high-quality seedlings are used.
Seedlings
Forest plants are propagated both generatively (via seeds) and vegetatively (via cuttings) in forest tree nurseries, from which the forest companies in turn obtain their seedlings. Tree species that are supposed to be particularly fresh when planted are occasionally grown in forsteigen ridges.
Cultivation
Most suitable for the cultivation of forest plants are sandy, loamy soils that do not tend to become encrusted and warm up quickly in spring. These soils usually increase the cultivation time and promote plant growth. Heavy soils are disadvantageous for both tillage and the later digging of the forest plants, as this can damage the roots and cause loss of root mass. In addition, the soil should be adequately supplied with humus . If this is not the case, compost , manure and the cultivation of legumes , which are grown as catch crops and then mechanically crushed with a mulcher and worked into the soil , are suitable for humus enrichment . The seedbeds are nearing sowing by cultivator and harrow prepared. The deep loosening of the soil is necessary so that the roots can develop without incorrect curvature. The sowing is carried out mainly in spring from mid-April to May. The seeds are specifically pretreated ( stratified , pre-swollen) so that they germinate quickly after sowing . When sowing, the plants are often planted very densely. So they do not oppress one another, the plants must after a while transplants are. Here, the plants are planted in the schooling bed at a distance specific to the tree species so that they can grow into a sales plant. The usual tree species are usually in the nursery for one to five years before they are sold.
quality
The selection of high quality seedlings is essential for the success of a rejuvenation. Tree species appropriate to the location guarantee optimal growth and stability of the future forests . Due to the programs of the forest administrations to convert the forests to climate-tolerant crops, there is a high demand for high-quality seedlings. With regard to the plant material , a distinction is mainly made between bare- root plants and container or ball plants that are delivered with soil at the roots. The origin by area of origin, the type of propagation, the height and the age of the planting material are marked.
Despite the great variability of the plant material, there are some generally applicable criteria by which the quality of the plant material can be assessed. There are also other tree species-specific criteria. The criteria are related to the growth success, the root development, the vitality , the survival rate , the long-term stability, the growth rate and the quality of the later forest plant.
Root quality criteria: A functioning root system is very important for successful planting, as it supplies the young plants with water and nutrients . After planting, the plant must develop new roots for anchoring in the soil and for future growth. Plant material with a larger root mass has higher survival and growth rates . The root-shoot ratio can be used to help assess the quality of seedlings. Their ratio should always be balanced, as the larger the shoot mass, more water evaporates, which has to be provided by the roots. Values from 1: 2 to 1: 4 for the ratio of root mass / volume to shoot mass / volume and a high proportion of fine roots indicate high-quality planting material. In the case of plants from tree nurseries, care must also be taken that no kink can be seen through the schooling and that wounds and injuries do not exceed a diameter of 4 mm.
Quality criteria on the shoot: The shoot should be straight and not show any kinks. The forest plant should not show any damage from excavation, storage and transport. It should also be well lignified, have a living cambium and be free from fungal attack . The buds should be mature, healthy and closed. The ratio of stem diameter to weight at a given size is called the H / D ratio. The higher the ratio, the more compact and tiered the plant is. Stepped and stocky plants are more resistant and the growth success is higher because they have a low evaporation capacity with a higher water storage.
Quality criterion for plant freshness : Forest plants should always be freshly planted, which is why plant freshness is an important criterion for a comprehensive assessment. The freshness can be recognized by a vital sprout, a non-dried cambium and water-supplied fine roots.
Plant storage
Plants that cannot be planted immediately should be stored in the felling to protect against drought . This takes place either on centrally located areas in the district or directly on the cultivated areas. The sites of impact should be protected from wind and sun and have sufficient water in the ground. In general, shady northwest , north and northeast edges of older stands should be selected. The felling sites are prepared by loosening the soil, removing the vegetation cover and providing brushwood for covering. When felling, the plants are separated according to origin and age group and distributed in loose layers in the ditch. The plants are then immediately covered with soil up to the root neck and stepped on.
Breathable transport bags made of polyethylene film are another way of keeping the plants fresh . If the plants are repeatedly supplied with water , they can be kept in the transport bags for several weeks.
Planting associations
The plant association indicates the distance between the plants and between the rows of plants. Optimal planting associations are important to avoid unnecessary planting and maintenance costs. In addition, trees of high quality (less knotty ) are used due to optimal planting distances and the stands close earlier. The choice of the optimal planting compound depends on the type of tree . For example, plant associations for light tree species are wider than for shade tree species . In addition, deciduous trees are usually planted close together, as they lose their dead branches in tight plant groups and clean themselves. Conifers are Totasthalter and can not be through narrow planting associations knotless hold and might have to be geästet to produce quality timber.
Mixed stands are more stable than pure stands in the event of storm damage or pest infestation. In addition, a better soil and humus structure is achieved. When selecting the tree species, it is important to ensure that the individual tree species match each other and that the rotation times are coordinated. Deep and shallow roots or light and shade tree species are to be mixed together.
The following plant associations are recommended as a compromise between biological and economic considerations.
| Tree species | Planting bandage (in m) | Number of plants / ha |
|---|---|---|
| jaw | 2.0 x 0.5 | 8,000-10,000 |
| Spruce | 2.5 × 1.2 to 3.0 × 1.0 | 2,100-3,500 |
| larch | 3.0 × 3.0 to 4.0 × 4.0 | 625-1,000 |
| Oak | 2.0 × 0.7 to 1.5 × 0.8 | 8,000-10,000 |
| beech | 2.0 x 0.5 | 8,000-10,000 |
Planting method
The choice of the appropriate planting method is determined by the shape and size of the roots of the planting material. In order to guarantee optimal growth of the plants, the following basic requirements apply to all processes:
- The roots must be brought into the ground without upsetting
- Avoid cuts to the roots
- The root neck must be completely covered with earth
- Plants must be stepped on firmly or pressed on
Surface preparation
The intensity of the area preparation depends on the overall local situation. Whether an area is to be cleared immediately when planting or by cutting aisle or by preparing partial areas with a brush cutter depends on the following factors:
- Growth conditions
- Surface condition
- vegetation
- Planting density
- Association
Planting method
When it comes to planting methods, a distinction is made between manual methods, motor-manual methods and large-scale machine methods.
Manual process
Pothole planting : In pothole planting, a planting hole is created through blows, into which the roots of the plant are introduced and filled with soil. This method is suitable for plants of the usual size and texture. A "planting hoe" serves as a tool.
Classic hole planting: In this process, the plant hole is excavated using spades, hoes or shovels that are specially designed for planting. The planting hole is then filled in layers and solidified. The plant must always be kept in the correct position.
Hollow spade planting: A conical plug of earth is dug with two pricks, which closes the hole again after the plant has been inserted. The root system is pressed against the rear edge of the hole and fixed in one plane.
Motor-manual procedures
Borehole planting : In borehole planting, the planting hole is created with a hand-held auger . For plants of normal size, a drilling diameter of 30 cm is recommended so that the lateral roots have enough space to grow on and on. When it comes to the depth of the hole, care should be taken to ensure that it exceeds the root length by 10 cm so that there is sufficient reserve for growth. The borehole should be filled in layers and then carefully consolidated. The plant should always be kept at the right height and vertically .
Large machine processes
Planting with a tractor-drawn attachment: These planting machines are mostly used on light soils and with crops with a large number of stems, such as the pine. The machines pull a plant furrow, after which the plants are placed in this plant furrow by a worker sitting on the machine.
Excavators planting: For excavators or forwarders there are special attachments for the planting of the Befahrung lines. However, the machine's range of action is limited here.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Gerd Bischoff, Markus Blaschke, Martin Bode, Veit Böhm: Der Forstwirt . Ed .: Forestry educational institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany. 6th edition. 2015, p. 679 .
- ↑ Forest Plants 1x1 - STMELF. Retrieved November 12, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d Bernd Stimm, Wolfram Rothkegel, Othmar Ruppert, Reinhard Mosandl: The quality of forest plants as a decisive prerequisite for successful cultivation . Ed .: LWF knowledge. No. 74 .
- ↑ a b c d e W. Bauer, W. Braun, M. Braunberger, T. Dörr, T. Erbinger, C. Glöckel, M. Karopka, P. Mann, M. Morell: Planting material and planting . In: Ministry of Food and Rural Areas (ed.): Forstpraxis BW . 2009.